ArticleJournal of community health2021
COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in the United States: A Rapid National Assessment.
Article in Journal of community health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 650 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Severity: A Randomized Control Trial
Parental Perception of COVID-19 Vaccine in Pediatric Patients With Tracheostomy and Ventilator Dependence
Who cites it
650 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urban and Rural Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2025Pooled it
- Assessing the determinants of uptake and hesitancy in accessing COVID 19 vaccines in Nigeria: a scoping review.Frontiers in health services · 2025Pooled it
- Boosting COVID-19 vaccine inoculation and booster shots: a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that influence Coronavirus vaccine uptake in practice.African health sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Asian American Vaccination, Testing, and Other Healthcare Knowledge & Behaviors during COVID-19, A Systematic Review.Pathogens and global health · 2023Pooled it
- Understanding the practices and perceptions of Chinese older adults towards vaccination in the context of COVID-19: A qualitative study in Anhui Province.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- The Access Paradox: A Decade of Expanded Influenza Vaccine Access That Did Not Close a Racial Disparity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- COVID-19 Vaccine Knowledge, Practice, and Attitudes Among Hemodialysis Patients in Egypt, Kenya, and Cameroon: A Multicenter Study.Kidney medicine · 2026Article
- "You're Not Dealing with What We're Dealing with": COVID-19 Hesitancies and Motivations Among Late Vaccinating Black Americans in the Deep South.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Population-level behavioral and structural drivers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the US.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Racial Influences, Social Media Usage, and Vaccine Hesitancy: A National Survey Across Vaccine Topics.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to Understand COVID-19 Booster Hesitancy in Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Vaccine uptake and hesitancy among Black people: A scoping review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- Societal values versus individual rights with respect to public health related practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.PloS one · 2026Article
- Lessons Learnt From COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: The Role of Culturally Concordant Providers.Cureus · 2026Article
- Cross-national patterns of COVID-19 vaccination coverage by vaccine type.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Religious Traditions Exhibit Heterogeneous Effects on Vaccination Uptake: A U.S. County-Level Regression Analysis Supporting Tailored Health Outreach.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Health equity-oriented design for dissemination: products and impact of rapid community translation for COVID-19 vaccine promotion.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Anticipated Protection Overcomes Vaccine Hesitancy and Mistrust Among Women Enrolled in the DC MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional study of the predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Vaccine Hesitancy at Nine Community Sites Across the United States, Early in COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
590 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Given the results from early trials, COVID-19 vaccines will be available by 2021. However, little is known about what Americans think of getting immunized with a COVID-19 vaccine. Thus, the purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and systematic national assessment of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a community-based sample of the American adult population. A multi-item valid and reliable questionnaire was deployed online via mTurk and social media sites to recruit U.S. adults from the general population. A total of 1878 individuals participated in the study where the majority were: females (52%), Whites (74%), non-Hispanic (81%), married (56%), employed full time (68%), and with a bachelor's degree or higher (77%). The likelihood of getting a COVID-19 immunization in the study population was: very likely (52%), somewhat likely (27%), not likely (15%), definitely not (7%), with individuals who had lower education, income, or perceived threat of getting infected being more likely to report that they were not likely/definitely not going to get COVID-19 vaccine (i.e., vaccine hesitancy). In unadjusted group comparisons, compared to their counterparts, vaccine hesitancy was higher among African-Americans (34%), Hispanics (29%), those who had children at home (25%), rural dwellers (29%), people in the northeastern U.S. (25%), and those who identified as Republicans (29%). In multiple regression analyses, vaccine hesitancy was predicted significantly by sex, education, employment, income, having children at home, political affiliation, and the perceived threat of getting infected with COVID-19 in the next 1 year. Given the high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, evidence-based communication, mass media strategies, and policy measures will have to be implemented across the U.S. to convert vaccines into vaccinations and mass immunization with special attention to the groups identified in this study.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.