ArticleJournal of neurology2021
Comparison of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody assays using live or fixed substrates.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibody-Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis and Cytotoxicity in Patients With LGI1 and CASPR2 Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Glioblastoma mimicking anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a case series.Internal medicine journal · 2026Article
- Prevalence of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies among adult patients presenting with first-episode psychosis in Hong Kong.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Clinical Criteria to Guide Antineuronal Antibody Testing for People With Early and Persistent Psychosis Attending Mental Health Services.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Testing for neural antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: who, what, where, when, why, and how.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Anti-NMDA-Receptor GluN1 Antibody Serostatus Is Robust in Acute Severe Stroke.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Elevated Release of Presynaptic Glutamate: The Potential Pathogenesis of Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis-Associated Seizures.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Serum Autoantibody Titers and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in CASPR2/LGI1 Encephalitis: A Longitudinal Study.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Acute neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation per se do not trigger secondary autoimmune encephalitis in mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Autoimmune central nervous system disorders: Antibody testing and its clinical utility.Clinical biochemistry · 2024Review
- Serum anti-NMDA-receptor antibodies and cognitive function after ischemic stroke (PROSCIS-B).Journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Neural Autoantibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis, First-Episode Psychosis, and Healthy Volunteers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Subcortical Hypermetabolism Associated With Cortical Hypometabolism Is a Common Metabolic Pattern in Patients With Anti-Leucine-Rich Glioma-Inactivated 1 Antibody Encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The diagnostic criteria for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibody (NMDAR-Ab) encephalitis require the presence of CSF antibodies against the NMDAR, whereas serum antibodies are considered specific only if accompanied by CSF antibodies. Current assays include in-house immunochemistry (IHC), or cell-based assays (CBA) which use live (L-CBA) or fixed cells (F-CBA), and commercially available fixed-cells CBA (C-CBA), but these have not been compared in parallel. We compared the L-CBA with F-CBA, C-CBA, and IHC using sera and CSFs archived from > 30,000 received for testing and previously positive by L-CBA. Referring neurologists, if identified, provided "definite" or "unlikely" diagnoses of NMDAR-Ab encephalitis for 31 paired serum-CSF samples and 53 unpaired sera. There was good concordance between paired sera and CSFs, with 13/16 "definite" pairs positive, and 7/8 "unlikely" pairs negative in all in-house assays. In unpaired "definite" sera, L-CBA was most sensitive. However, 19/24 serum samples from "unlikely" patients were positive by L-CBA, with only 5/24 and 1/24 positive by F-CBA and IHC, respectively. In available samples, C-CBA demonstrated high sensitivity for CSF, but surprisingly low sensitivity for serum. Overall, regardless of the technique, CSF results were accurate and easy to interpret, but if CSF is unavailable, negative serum C-CBA results in cases with suspected NMDAR-Ab encephalitis could be repeated by a more sensitive in-house assay. Although these assays are sensitive, particularly for CSF, referral of sera with low pre-test probability should be avoided to reduce clinically-irrelevant "false positive" results.
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