ArticleIntensive care medicine2021
Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the incidence of ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections: a European multicenter cohort study.
Article in Intensive care medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 195 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Healthcare-associated Infections in Severe COVID-19 Patients Whit Mechanical Ventilation During 2020
Retrospective Single-center Cohort Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Colonization by Multidrug-resistant Organisms in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Severe COVID-19 Admitted to a Large Intensive Care Unit in Milan, Italy
Who cites it
195 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 418 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Microbiological research · 2023Pooled it
- Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Pooled it
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 as Cause of Viral Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Critical care medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Update of the recommendations of the Sociedade Portuguesa de Cuidados Intensivos and the Infection and Sepsis Group for the approach to COVID-19 in Intensive Care Medicine.Revista Brasileira de terapia intensivaPooled it
- Incidence and Outcomes of Bloodstream Infections in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Nationwide Multicenter Study in South Korea.Yonsei medical journal · 2026Observational
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Hospital-Acquired/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Resistance Paradox in COVID-19 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Retrospective Study on Rapid Molecular Stewardship.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Severe viral infections requiring intensive care unit admissions- aetiology, co-infections, respiratory interventions and outcomes.Infection · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- Corticosteroids in immunocompromised ICU patients with severe COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in two intensive care units of a French University Hospital from 2016 to 2022 in the era of COVID-19 pandemic.Infection prevention in practice · 2025Article
- Prognostic Factors in COVID-19 Patients with Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Single-Centre Experience.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- Association of Extended Steroid Treatment With Bloodstream Infection in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A National, Multicenter, Propensity Score-Matched Study.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Article
- How to approach a patient hospitalized for pneumonia who is not responding to treatment?Intensive care medicine · 2025Review
- Clinical and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with COVID-19 in Southwest China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Risk of Death in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19 and Influenza: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2025Article
- Guideline-compliant empirical antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia during the pandemic: a European multicenter retrospective study.Intensive care medicine · 2025Article
- Early bacterial co-infections and ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections among intubated patients during the first and second COVID-19 waves: a European comparative cohort study.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Article
135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
42 authors at 20 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAlthough patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have several risk factors for ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections (VA-LRTI), the reported incidence of hospital-acquired infections is low. We aimed to determine the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, as compared to influenza pneumonia or no viral infection, and the incidence of VA-LRTI.
methodsMulticenter retrospective European cohort performed in 36 ICUs. All adult patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation > 48 h were eligible if they had: SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, influenza pneumonia, or no viral infection at ICU admission. VA-LRTI, including ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), were diagnosed using clinical, radiological and quantitative microbiological criteria. All VA-LRTI were prospectively identified, and chest-X rays were analyzed by at least two physicians. Cumulative incidence of first episodes of VA-LRTI was estimated using the Kalbfleisch and Prentice method, and compared using Fine-and Gray models.
results1576 patients were included (568 in SARS-CoV-2, 482 in influenza, and 526 in no viral infection groups). VA-LRTI incidence was significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2 patients (287, 50.5%), as compared to influenza patients (146, 30.3%, adjusted sub hazard ratio (sHR) 1.60 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26 to 2.04)) or patients with no viral infection (133, 25.3%, adjusted sHR 1.7 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.39)). Gram-negative bacilli were responsible for a large proportion (82% to 89.7%) of VA-LRTI, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp.
conclusionsThe incidence of VA-LRTI is significantly higher in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as compared to patients with influenza pneumonia, or no viral infection after statistical adjustment, but residual confounding may still play a role in the effect estimates.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.