ArticleBehavior genetics2021
Estimation of Parental Effects Using Polygenic Scores.
Article in Behavior genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Robust genetic nurture effects on education: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 38,654 families across 8 cohorts.American journal of human genetics · 2021Pooled it
- The contribution of common and rare genetic variation to emotional and behavioural symptoms in childhood and adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Indirect genetic effects of siblings.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Direct and Indirect Genetic Effects on Child ADHD Traits in Early and Mid-Childhood: Trio Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analyses in a Large Norwegian Birth Registry Cohort.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Maternal and fetal genetic predispositions to insulin deficiency and resistance affect fetal growth through distinct pathways.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- A novel method for across-chromosome phasing without relative data.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Indirect Genetic Effects on Alcohol Use Disorder and Nicotine Dependence.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The Power to Resolve Cultural Transmission and Sibling Interaction Using Polygenic Scores.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Improving estimation efficiencies for family-based GWAS by integrating large external data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Investigating the interplay between prematurity and genetic variation in the context of rare developmental disorders.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Intergenerational transmission of complex traits and the offspring methylome.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Understanding indirect assortative mating and its intergenerational consequences for educational attainment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Intergenerational transmission of polygenic predisposition for neuropsychiatric traits on emotional and behavioural difficulties in childhood.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Non-random mating patterns within and across education and mental and somatic health.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Gene-environment interactions in human health.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2024Review
- Article
- Genetic and subjective sensitivity, relationship dynamics, and psychological distress in couples.Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) · 2024Article
- Non-random Mating Patterns in Education, Mental, and Somatic Health: A Population Study on Within- and Cross-Trait Associations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Intergenerational transmission of genetic risk for hyperactivity and inattention. Direct genetic transmission or genetic nurture?JCPP advances · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Offspring resemble their parents for both genetic and environmental reasons. Understanding the relative magnitude of these alternatives has long been a core interest in behavioral genetics research, but traditional designs, which compare phenotypic covariances to make inferences about unmeasured genetic and environmental factors, have struggled to disentangle them. Recently, Kong et al. (2018) showed that by correlating offspring phenotypic values with the measured polygenic score of parents' nontransmitted alleles, one can estimate the effect of "genetic nurture"-a type of passive gene-environment covariation that arises when heritable parental traits directly influence offspring traits. Here, we instantiate this basic idea in a set of causal models that provide novel insights into the estimation of parental influences on offspring. Most importantly, we show how jointly modeling the parental polygenic scores and the offspring phenotypes can provide an unbiased estimate of the variation attributable to the environmental influence of parents on offspring, even when the polygenic score accounts for a small fraction of trait heritability. This model can be further extended to (a) account for the influence of different types of assortative mating, (b) estimate the total variation due to additive genetic effects and their covariance with the familial environment (i.e., the full genetic nurture effect), and (c) model situations where a parental trait influences a different offspring trait. By utilizing structural equation modeling techniques developed for extended twin family designs, our approach provides a general framework for modeling polygenic scores in family studies and allows for various model extensions that can be used to answer old questions about familial influences in new ways.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.