ArticleThe Science of the total environment2021
Estimating drug consumption during a college sporting event from wastewater using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recreational Drug use at Sports Events in the US and UK.Journal of sport and social issues · 2026Article
- Ethical considerations of wastewater-based disease surveillance-a qualitative interview study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Wastewater analysis of chemical markers of public health concern at small spatial scales: A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Lactation-Stage-Matched Human and Bovine Milk Samples at 2 Weeks Postnatal.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Wastewater Surveillance-"Messy" Science With Public Health Potential.American journal of public health · 2023Article
- Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 to support return to campus: Methodological considerations and data interpretation.Current opinion in environmental science & health · 2022Review
- Identification of biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology: Main approaches and analytical methods.Trends in analytical chemistry : TRAC · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Consumption of licit and/or illicit compounds during sporting events has traditionally been monitored using population surveys, medical records, and law enforcement seizure data. This pilot study evaluated the temporal and geospatial patterns in drug consumption during a university football game from wastewater using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Untreated wastewater samples were collected from three locations within or near the same football stadium every 30 min during a university football game. This analysis leveraged two LCMS/ MS instruments (Waters Acquity TQD and a Shimadzu 8040) to analyze samples for 58 licit or illicit compounds and some of their metabolites. Bayesian multilevel models were implemented to estimate mass load and population-level drug consumption, while accounting for multiple instrument runs and concentrations censored at the lower limit of quantitation. Overall, 29 compounds were detected in at least one wastewater sample collected during the game. The 10 most common compounds included opioids, anorectics, stimulants, and decongestants. For compounds detected in more than 50% of samples, temporal trends in median mass load were correlated with the timing of the game; peak loads for cocaine and tramadol occurred during the first quarter of the game and for phentermine during the third quarter. Stadium-wide estimates of the number of doses of drugs consumed were rank ordered as follows: oxycodone (n = 3246) > hydrocodone (n = 2260) > phentermine (n = 513) > cocaine (n = 415) > amphetamine (n = 372) > tramadol (n = 360) > pseudoephedrine (n = 324). This analysis represents the most comprehensive assessment of drug consumption during a university football game and indicates that wastewater-based epidemiology has potential to inform public health interventions focused on reducing recreational drug consumption during large-scale sporting events.
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Registered trials
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