ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Beyond T-Cells: Functional Characterization of CTLA-4 Expression in Immune and Non-Immune Cell Types.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Abatacept.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Guideline
- A phase Ib/II trial of XL888 (HSP90 inhibitor) and pembrolizumab in metastatic pancreatic cancer with translational immune profiling.Cancer letters · 2026Trial
- Immunotherapy for Cancer: Current Advances and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Plant-derived CTLA-4-targeting miR152 via lipid nanoparticles potentiates doxorubicin efficacy in breast cancer immunochemotherapy.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Inflammatory monocytes constrain YAP-induced cell proliferation.Science advances · 2026Article
- Review
- Peripheral blood immune cell subsets as non-invasive biomarkers of colorectal cancer stage, laterality, metastasis and survival.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- DNA-PKcs orchestrates CTLA-4 depletion-induced senescence in cancer cells.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning in immunosenescence: from biomarker discovery to clinical translation.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- The evolving landscape of regulatory T cells in leukemia: from mechanisms to advanced immunotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune biomarkers for head and neck cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Review
- Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) tumour expression in gastric carcinoma.The Indian journal of medical research · 2025Article
- The role of immune checkpoints in modulating cancer stem cells anti-tumor immune responses: implications and perspectives in cancer therapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Tissue-Specific Immunosuppressive and Proliferating Macrophages Fuel Early Metastatic Progression of Human Colorectal Cancer to the Liver.Cancer immunology research · 2025Article
- Beyond the tumor: the gut microbiome as a key player in immunotherapy efficacy and resistance.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- FGL1-mediated lymph node metastasis in stage T1 non-small cell lung cancer: therapeutic targeting.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2025Article
- Decoding the Tumor Microenvironment: Insights and New Targets from Single-Cell Sequencing and Spatial Transcriptomics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Dendritic Cells of Leukemic Origin (DCCancers · 2025Article
- Unraveling the complexities of diet induced obesity and glucolipid dysfunction in metabolic syndrome.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- [Immune Checkpoints Mediate Tumor Immune Regulation through Metabolic Pathways].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2025Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The immune response consists of a finely-tuned program, the activation of which must be coupled with inhibitory mechanisms whenever initiated. This ensures tight control of beneficial anti-pathogen and anti-tumor responses while preserving tissue integrity, promoting tissue repair, and safeguarding against autoimmunity. A cogent example of this binary response is in the mobilization of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signaling in regulating the strength and type of a T-cell response. Of particular importance is the costimulatory molecule CD28 which is countered by CTLA-4. While the role of CD28 in the immune response has been thoroughly elucidated, many aspects of CTLA-4 biology remain controversial. The expression of CD28 is largely constrained to constitutive expression in T-cells and as such, teasing out its function has been somewhat simplified by a limited and specific expression profile. The expression of CTLA-4, on the other hand, while reported predominantly in T-cells, has also been described on a diverse repertoire of cells within both lymphoid and myeloid lineages as well as on the surface of tumors. Nonetheless, the function of CTLA-4 has been mostly described within the context of T-cell biology. The focus on T-cell biology may be a direct result of the high degree of amino acid sequence homology and the co-expression pattern of CD28 and CTLA-4, which initially led to the discovery of CTLA-4 as a counter receptor to CD28 (for which a T-cell-activating role had already been described). Furthermore, observations of the outsized role of CTLA-4 in T
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.