Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33383554›Full record

ReviewDevelopmental cognitive neuroscience2021

Opportunities for increased reproducibility and replicability of developmental neuroimaging.

Eduard T Klapwijk, Wouter van den Bos, Christian K Tamnes, Nora M Raschle, Kathryn L Mills

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
65citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
5.5field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

65 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. A multiverse analysis of the logical memory test and plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2026
    Article
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  10. Can I trust this paper?Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025
    Review
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  18. FAIR African brain data: challenges and opportunities.Frontiers in neuroinformatics · 2025
    Article
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5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.

Eduard T KlapwijkErasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: e.klapwijk@essb.eur.nl.
Wouter van den BosDepartment of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Rationality, Berlin, Germany.
Christian K TamnesPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Nora M RaschleJacobs Center for Productive Youth Development at the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Kathryn L MillsPROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
Leiden University · NLMax Planck Institute for Human Development · DEOslo University Hospital · NOUniversity of Oregon · USUniversity of Zurich · CH

Funding

ABCD Workshop on Brain Development in Relation to Mental HealthR25MH120869 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF OREGON · PI MILLS, KATHRYN L · 2019 to 2019
$112k
NIMH NIH HHS R25 MH120869
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Many workflows and tools that aim to increase the reproducibility and replicability of research findings have been suggested. In this review, we discuss the opportunities that these efforts offer for the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience, in particular developmental neuroimaging. We focus on issues broadly related to statistical power and to flexibility and transparency in data analyses. Critical considerations relating to statistical power include challenges in recruitment and testing of young populations, how to increase the value of studies with small samples, and the opportunities and challenges related to working with large-scale datasets. Developmental studies involve challenges such as choices about age groupings, lifespan modelling, analyses of longitudinal changes, and data that can be processed and analyzed in a multitude of ways. Flexibility in data acquisition, analyses and description may thereby greatly impact results. We discuss methods for improving transparency in developmental neuroimaging, and how preregistration can improve methodological rigor. While outlining challenges and issues that may arise before, during, and after data collection, solutions and resources are highlighted aiding to overcome some of these. Since the number of useful tools and techniques is ever-growing, we highlight the fact that many practices can be implemented stepwise.

Indexed as

NeuroimagingCognitive NeuroscienceHumansReproducibility of ResultsCognitive neuroscienceDevelopmentOpen sciencePreregistrationSample sizeTransparency

Identifiers

PMID33383554
PMCPMC7779745
OpenAlexW3111388565

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.