Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2020
Higher or Lower Hemoglobin Transfusion Thresholds for Preterm Infants.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01702805 (Transfusion of Prematures), which is not on this map. Cited by 130 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
130citing papers in PubMed, 15 pooled it
43.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Transfusion of Prematures (TOP) Trial: Does a Liberal Red Blood Cell Transfusion Strategy Improve Neurologically-Intact Survival of Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infants as Compared to a Restrictive Strategy?
Who cites it
130 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 241 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of anemia and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: Systematic review and meta-analysis of transfusion thresholds, erythropoietin trials, and observational studies.Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Minimizing blood sampling in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- The Effect of Liberal versus Restrictive Haemoglobin Thresholds on Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neonatology · 2026Pooled it
- Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low-birthweight infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Red blood cell transfusion management for people undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- [Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of anemia of prematurity (2025)].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2025Guideline
- Eligible Infants Included in Neonatal Clinical Trials and Reasons for Noninclusion: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- Race and Ethnicity of Infants Enrolled in Neonatal Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Interventions to Reduce Severe Brain Injury Risk in Preterm Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and safety of restrictive versus liberal transfusion thresholds in anemic preterm infants: a meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials.Annals of hematology · 2023Pooled it
- European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2022 Update.Neonatology · 2023Guideline
- Early erythropoietin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates - an updated meta-analysis.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Restrictive versus liberal transfusion thresholds in very low birth weight infants: A systematic review with meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Anemia and Red Blood Cell Transfusions, Cerebral Oxygenation, Brain Injury and Development, and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Neurodevelopmental outcomes after red cell transfusion exposure in male versus female extremely preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2025Trial
- Effects of liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategies on intermittent hypoxaemia in extremely low birthweight infants: secondary analyses of the ETTNO randomised controlled trial.Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition · 2025Trial
- A prospective randomized pilot trial comparing weekly vs. biweekly Darbepoetin administration to preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Trial
- Timing of Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Occurrence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Tissue Oxygenation Changes After Transfusion and Outcomes in Preterm Infants: A Secondary Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study of the Transfusion of Prematures Randomized Clinical Trial (TOP NIRS).JAMA network open · 2023Trial
70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
35 authors at 17 institutions in 2 countries.
Haresh KirpalaniFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Edward F BellFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Susan R HintzFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Sylvia TanFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Barbara SchmidtFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Aasma S ChaudharyFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Karen J JohnsonFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Margaret M CrawfordFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Jamie E NewmanFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Betty R VohrFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Waldemar A CarloFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Carl T D'AngioFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Kathleen A KennedyFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Robin K OhlsFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Brenda B PoindexterFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Kurt SchiblerFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Robin K WhyteFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
John A WidnessFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
John A F ZupancicFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Myra H WyckoffFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
William E TruogFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Michele C WalshFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Valerie Y ChockFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Abbot R LaptookFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Gregory M SokolFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Bradley A YoderFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Ravi M PatelFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
C Michael CottenFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Melissa F CarmenFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Uday DevaskarFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Sanjay ChawlaFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Ruth SeabrookFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Rosemary D HigginsFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Abhik DasFrom the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (H.K., B.S., A.S.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City (E.F.B., K.J.J., J.A.W.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto (S.R.H., V.Y.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (U.D.) - both in California; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park (S.T., M.M.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham (C.M.C.) - both in North Carolina; the Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Rockville (J.E.N., A.D.), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (R.D.H.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (B.R.V., A.R.L.); the Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.C.); the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY (C.T.D., M.F.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (K.A.K.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.H.W.); the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque (R.K.O.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.K.O., B.A.Y.); the Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (B.B.P., G.M.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (B.B.P., K.S.), the Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.C.W.), and Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (R.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (R.K.W.); the Department of Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (J.A.F.Z.); the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (W.E.T.); Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta (R.M.P.); the Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit (S.C.); and the College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA (R.D.H.).
Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital · USRTI International · USChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia · USBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · USBrown University · USChildren's Healthcare of Atlanta · USCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center · USDuke University · USRainbow Babies & Children's Hospital · USStanford University · USThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of Cincinnati · USUniversity of Iowa · USUniversity of Rochester · USWayne State University · USWomen & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island · US
Funding
Neonatal Research Network Data Coordinating Center (DCC) 2023-2028U24HD095254 · NICHD · RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE · PI Abhik Das · 2018 to 2026
$70.2MNICHD Cooperative Multicenter Neonatal Research NetworkU10HD027904 · NICHD · WOMEN AND INFANTS HOSPITAL-RHODE ISLAND · PI LAPTOOK, ABBOT R · 1991 to 2015
$8.7MTransfusion-Associated Brain Improvement (TABI) Trial: Data Coordinating CenterU01HL112748 · NHLBI · RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE · PI DAS, ABHIK · 2012 to 2016
$7.4MInstitutional Career Development CoreKL2TR003168 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCI CTR HOUSTON · PI MILLER, CHARLES C · 2019 to 2023
$4.9MClinical Center for NICHD/Neonatal Research NetworkUG1HD068244 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Sara Bonamo DeMauro, Eric C Eichenwald · 2016 to 2026
$3.6MNICHD Cooperative Multicenter Neonatal Research NetworkUG1HD053109 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF IOWA · PI Tarah Trinity Colaizy · 2016 to 2026
$3.2MNICHD Neonatal Research NetworkUG1HD027904 · NICHD · WOMEN AND INFANTS HOSPITAL-RHODE ISLAND · PI MARON, JILL LAMANNA · 2016 to 2024
$2.1MTransfusion-Associated Brain Improvement (TABI) trial - CCCU01HL112776 · NHLBI · CHILDREN'S HOSP OF PHILADELPHIA · PI BELL, EDWARD F, KIRPALANI, HARESH · 2012 to 2016
$1.1MNCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR003168NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL112748NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL112776NICHD NIH HHS U10 HD027904NICHD NIH HHS U24 HD095254NICHD NIH HHS UG1 HD027904NICHD NIH HHS UG1 HD053109NICHD NIH HHS UG1 HD068244
Abstract
backgroundLimited data suggest that higher hemoglobin thresholds for red-cell transfusions may reduce the risk of cognitive delay among extremely-low-birth-weight infants with anemia.
methodsWe performed an open, multicenter trial in which infants with a birth weight of 1000 g or less and a gestational age between 22 weeks 0 days and 28 weeks 6 days were randomly assigned within 48 hours after delivery to receive red-cell transfusions at higher or lower hemoglobin thresholds until 36 weeks of postmenstrual age or discharge, whichever occurred first. The primary outcome was a composite of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (cognitive delay, cerebral palsy, or hearing or vision loss) at 22 to 26 months of age, corrected for prematurity.
resultsA total of 1824 infants (mean birth weight, 756 g; mean gestational age, 25.9 weeks) underwent randomization. There was a between-group difference of 1.9 g per deciliter (19 g per liter) in the pretransfusion mean hemoglobin levels throughout the treatment period. Primary outcome data were available for 1692 infants (92.8%). Of 845 infants in the higher-threshold group, 423 (50.1%) died or survived with neurodevelopmental impairment, as compared with 422 of 847 infants (49.8%) in the lower-threshold group (relative risk adjusted for birth-weight stratum and center, 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.10; P = 0.93). At 2 years, the higher- and lower-threshold groups had similar incidences of death (16.2% and 15.0%, respectively) and neurodevelopmental impairment (39.6% and 40.3%, respectively). At discharge from the hospital, the incidences of survival without severe complications were 28.5% and 30.9%, respectively. Serious adverse events occurred in 22.7% and 21.7%, respectively.
conclusionsIn extremely-low-birth-weight infants, a higher hemoglobin threshold for red-cell transfusion did not improve survival without neurodevelopmental impairment at 22 to 26 months of age, corrected for prematurity. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; TOP ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01702805.).
Indexed as
Erythrocyte TransfusionAlgorithmsAnemiaCerebral PalsyCognition DisordersHearing LossHemoglobinsHumansInfant, Extremely Low Birth WeightInfant, Extremely PrematureInfant, NewbornInfant, PrematureInfant, Premature, DiseasesNeurodevelopmental DisordersSurvival RateVision DisordersHemoglobins
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
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Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT01702805ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.