ArticleBiochemia medica2021
Sample size, power and effect size revisited: simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies.
Article in Biochemia medica, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 706 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Investigating the Effect of Smartphone Usage on Balance and Dual Task Performance in University Students
Does a Regular Tampon or Intravaginal Pessary Mitigate Urine Leakage While Running Among Females Who Experience Exercise-induced Urinary Incontinence?
Does a 10-minute Trampoline Protocol Induce Urine Leakage or Changes in Pelvic Morphometry Among Females Who Report That They do Not Experience Symptoms of Urinary Incontinence?
Study To Compare The Efficacy Of Cervical Cytology With Molecular Screening In The Detection Of Reactive Cellular Changes In The Cervix In An Open Population
Development of a Decision Algorithm for Vital Sign Assessment in the Outpatient Physical Therapy Setting: An e-Delphi Study
Instant Message-delivered Personalised Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (IMPACT) for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment: a Mixed Methods Study
Artificial Intelligence and Mindfulness Meditation: Innovative Methods to Reduce Stress Amongst Medical School Students
Who cites it
706 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A priori sample size determination and power analysis in metabolic phenotyping and integrative metabolomics: an application framework based on a systematic review of literature.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Pooled it
- CONSORT Compliance of Randomized Controlled Trials in Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Health impacts of micro- and nanoplastics in humans: systematic review of in vivo evidence.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Pooled it
- Directionality range in Emlen funnels.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2026Pooled it
- Three-Year Outcomes of Reflux Esophagitis and Late Complications After FundoRing Versus Standard One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass: a Randomized Controlled Trial.Obesity surgery · 2026Trial
- Measured resection, gap balancing, and force-sensor-guided total knee arthroplasty result in different femoral and tibial rotational alignment but similar combined knee rotation and clinical outcomes: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology · 2026Trial
- Effects of Applying Gamified Exercise in Health Education Classes on Physical Activity Levels in School-Aged Children: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.The journal of nursing research : JNR · 2026Trial
- Goal setting as a facilitator of motor learning in postural control task.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Preventing Excessive Gestational Weight Gain During Consecutive Pregnancies: Findings from an mHealth Intervention.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Trial
- Physical activity coaching programme for people with Long COVID: a pilot randomised clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Pilot Study of a Digital Health Intervention to Increase HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing Uptake and Reduce Condomless Sex and Substance Use Among Adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2026Trial
- Effect of a mobile application-based whole-course nutrition management intervention in patients with age-related macular degeneration: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- Trial
- The mental health benefit of a community-based home-visiting program for prenatal women: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in China.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Trial
- Effects of acute static stretching and dynamic warm-up protocols on shoulder function in young adult male athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome: a randomized controlled crossover trial.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Trial
- Multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of probiotic adjunctive therapy for children with primary hypertension.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Trial
- Trial
- The Impact of Additional Exercise Interventions on Physical Performance and Muscle Strength of Frail Patients After Open-Heart Surgery: A Randomized Trial.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Trial
- The FIFA 11 + Referees program improves knee proprioception in female futsal referees.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Advancing the Volumetric Analysis of Ultra-Low-Field Brain MRI Using Image-to-Image Translation.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
646 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Calculating the sample size in scientific studies is one of the critical issues as regards the scientific contribution of the study. The sample size critically affects the hypothesis and the study design, and there is no straightforward way of calculating the effective sample size for reaching an accurate conclusion. Use of a statistically incorrect sample size may lead to inadequate results in both clinical and laboratory studies as well as resulting in time loss, cost, and ethical problems. This review holds two main aims. The first aim is to explain the importance of sample size and its relationship to effect size (ES) and statistical significance. The second aim is to assist researchers planning to perform sample size estimations by suggesting and elucidating available alternative software, guidelines and references that will serve different scientific purposes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.