ArticleSleep2021
Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography.
Article in Sleep, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 215 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
BioRhythm Health Coaching and Sleep Monitoring Program for Weight Loss
Optimizing a Mobile Health Platform for Sleep Promotion and Obesity Prevention in Children
Effect of Supplemental Nightly Melatonin On REM and Cognition in Hepatic Encephalopathy (SNORE-HE) Trial
Who cites it
215 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Exploring the Relationship Between General Motor Activity and Optimal Actigraphy Sleep Configurations: A Systematic Review.Journal of sleep research · 2026Pooled it
- Association Between Digital Biomarkers of Health and Anxiety: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Consumer-oriented (wearable) sleep technology: a systematic SWOT analysis and recommendations for athletes and fitness enthusiasts.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Pooled it
- Performance of consumer wrist-worn sleep tracking devices compared to polysomnography: a meta-analysis.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of the performance of actigraphy in measuring sleep stages.Journal of sleep research · 2024Pooled it
- Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4, Garmin Vivosmart 4, and WHOOP Versus Polysomnography: Systematic Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Pooled it
- Evaluation of the Accuracy of Contactless Consumer Sleep-Tracking Devices Application in Human Experiment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of inhaled aromatherapy on sleep quality and cognitive function in older adults: a randomised controlled trial.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Trial
- The Influence of 25- and 90-Min Afternoon Nap Opportunities on Subsequent Nighttime Sleep in Student Athletes.Journal of sleep research · 2026Trial
- Digital solutions, real-world challenges: lessons from mHealth trials in oncology.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Trial
- Effect of weighted blankets on sleep quality among adults with insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial.BMC psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Magnetic Garments Promote Parasympathetic Dominance and Improve Sleep Quality in Male Long-Distance Runners Following a 30 km Run.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Trial
- Comparing sleep measures in cancer survivors: self-reported sleep diary versus objective wearable sleep tracker.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2024Trial
- Long-term night-to-night variability of sleep-disordered breathing using a radar-based home sleep apnea test: a prospective cohort study.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Trial
- Early time-restricted eating advances sleep in late sleepers: a pilot randomized controlled trial.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2023Trial
- Association between Metabolic Syndrome Status and Daily Physical Activity Measured by a Wearable Device in Japanese Office Workers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Validity, Reliability and Sensitivity to Change of Three Consumer-Grade Activity Trackers in Controlled and Free-Living Conditions among Older Adults.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Trial
- Implications of Wearable Sleep Health Technology for Cardiovascular Health Assessment and Interventions: A Narrative Review.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- Sleep pattern differences in women at midlife: a large-scale multi-country smartwatch study (SONAR).Sleep · 2026Article
- Feasibility and Methodological Consideration of Using Wearable Devices to Examine the Relationship Between Sleep and Balance: Case Report With 2 College Students.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
155 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesConsumer sleep-tracking devices are widely used and becoming more technologically advanced, creating strong interest from researchers and clinicians for their possible use as alternatives to standard actigraphy. We, therefore, tested the performance of many of the latest consumer sleep-tracking devices, alongside actigraphy, versus the gold-standard sleep assessment technique, polysomnography (PSG).
methodsIn total, 34 healthy young adults (22 women; 28.1 ± 3.9 years, mean ± SD) were tested on three consecutive nights (including a disrupted sleep condition) in a sleep laboratory with PSG, along with actigraphy (Philips Respironics Actiwatch 2) and a subset of consumer sleep-tracking devices. Altogether, four wearable (Fatigue Science Readiband, Fitbit Alta HR, Garmin Fenix 5S, Garmin Vivosmart 3) and three nonwearable (EarlySense Live, ResMed S+, SleepScore Max) devices were tested. Sleep/wake summary and epoch-by-epoch agreement measures were compared with PSG.
resultsMost devices (Fatigue Science Readiband, Fitbit Alta HR, EarlySense Live, ResMed S+, SleepScore Max) performed as well as or better than actigraphy on sleep/wake performance measures, while the Garmin devices performed worse. Overall, epoch-by-epoch sensitivity was high (all ≥0.93), specificity was low-to-medium (0.18-0.54), sleep stage comparisons were mixed, and devices tended to perform worse on nights with poorer/disrupted sleep.
conclusionsConsumer sleep-tracking devices exhibited high performance in detecting sleep, and most performed equivalent to (or better than) actigraphy in detecting wake. Device sleep stage assessments were inconsistent. Findings indicate that many newer sleep-tracking devices demonstrate promising performance for tracking sleep and wake. Devices should be tested in different populations and settings to further examine their wider validity and utility.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.