ArticleScientific reports2020
Survival of the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 (a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2) in evaporated saliva microdroplets deposited on glass surfaces.
Article in Scientific reports, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Outdoor disinfectant sprays for the prevention of COVID-19: Are they safe for the environment?The Science of the total environment · 2021Pooled it
- Surface Composition and Temperature Interact to Shape Viral Survival and Growth.Environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Assessing non-porous antimicrobial surfaces against bacteria, phages and fungi: a comparative study under varied normative conditions using glass as a benchmark for microbial persistence.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Phage Stability Across Conditions: Ensuring Accurate Use of Viral Surrogates in Antiviral Testing.Viruses · 2026Article
- Influence of Carbon Dioxide and pH on Influenza Virus in Sessile Saliva Droplets.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Environmental factors and antimicrobial efficacy: the impact of temperature and humidity on material surfaces.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Ratiometric Optical Sensing of Aerosol Phase State with Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Probes.Analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Optimization of An Enveloped Virus Surrogate, Bacteriophage Phi6, Recovery from Hands.Food and environmental virology · 2025Article
- Mucin Colocalizes with Influenza Virus and Preserves Infectivity in Deposited Model Respiratory Droplets.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Hydration conditions as a critical factor in antibiotic-mediated bacterial competition outcomes.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Rapid virucidal activity of an air sanitizer against aerosolized MS2 and Phi6 phage surrogates for non-enveloped and enveloped vertebrate viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Complete genomes of common bacterial hosts of RNA bacteriophage Φ6.Microbiology resource announcements · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Phage diversity in One Health.Essays in biochemistry · 2024Review
- Review of factors affecting virus inactivation in aerosols and droplets.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2024Review
- Seasonal influenza viruses decay more rapidly at intermediate humidity in droplets containing saliva compared to respiratory mucus.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Germicidal efficacy of continuous and pulsed ultraviolet-C radiation on pathogen models and SARS-CoV-2.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2024Article
- Risk of infection due to airborne virus in classroom environments lacking mechanical ventilation.PloS one · 2024Article
- The use of plant extracts and bacteriophages as an alternative therapy approach in combatting bacterial infections: the study of lytic phages andJournal of veterinary research · 2023Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Survival of respiratory viral pathogens in expelled saliva microdroplets is central to their transmission, yet the factors that determine survival in such microdroplets are not well understood. Here we combine microscopy imaging with virus viability assays to study survival of three bacteriophages suggested as good models for respiratory pathogens: the enveloped Phi6 (a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2), and the non-enveloped PhiX174 and MS2. We measured virus viability in human saliva microdroplets, SM buffer, and water following deposition on glass surfaces at various relative humidities (RH). Saliva and water microdroplets dried out rapidly, within minutes, at all tested RH levels (23%, 43%, 57%, and 78%), while SM microdroplets remained hydrated at RH ≥ 57%. Generally, the survival of all three viruses in dry saliva microdroplets was significantly greater than those in SM buffer and water under all RH (except PhiX174 in water under 57% RH survived the best among 3 media). Thus, atmosphere RH and microdroplet hydration state are not sufficient to explain virus survival, indicating that the virus-suspended medium, and association with saliva components in particular, likely play a role in virus survival. Uncovering the exact properties and components that make saliva a favorable environment for the survival of viruses, in particular enveloped ones like Phi6, is thus of great importance for reducing transmission of viral respiratory pathogens including SARS-CoV-2.
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