ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Sunlight exposure exerts immunomodulatory effects to reduce multiple sclerosis severity.
Erratum issuedOpen access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 42 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
42citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
5.4field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D status, supplementation, and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Genes, Gene Loci, and Their Impacts on the Immune System in the Development of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- A Comprehensive Exploration of the Transcriptomic Landscape in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Single-cell analysis of skin and blood reveals systemic immune responses to ultraviolet B and their impairment in MS.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Trial
- Distinct Multiomic Signatures of Environmental Exposure Drive Immune Dysregulation and Disease Activity in Early Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Multiple sclerosis-associated CD226 variant disrupts vitamin D-induced type I Treg differentiation by impairing LFA-1 activation.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Association of Demographic, Clinical, and Environmental Factors With Disease Severity in Adult Myasthenia Gravis: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and neurological disability in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study in a Libyan multicenter cohort.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Smoking, Comorbidities, and Low Sun Exposure Are Associated with Clinical and Radiological Outcomes in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-A Four-Year Observational Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Insights from a trial of narrowband UVB for early multiple sclerosis.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2026Review
- Lifestyle factors associated with benign multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Article
- Crosslinking of Ly6a metabolically reprograms CD8 T cells for cancer immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Association between sun exposure habits and disease progression in multiple sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2024Article
- The impact of genetic variants related to vitamin D and autoimmunity: A systematic review.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Photo-neuro-immuno-endocrinology: How the ultraviolet radiation regulates the body, brain, and immune system.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Vitamin D as a Modulator of Neuroinflammation: Implications for Brain Health.Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Review
- The Canadian Prospective Cohort Study to understand progression in multiple sclerosis: baseline characteristics.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Association between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis- MRI significance: A scoping review.Heliyon · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
47 authors at 20 institutions in 4 countries.
Patrick OstkampDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
Anke SalmenNeurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-4751-299X
Béatrice PignoletNeurosciences Department, Centres de Ressources et de Compétences-Sclérose en Plaques, Centre Hospitalier Univeresitaire Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France.
Dennis GörlichInstitute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2574-9419
Till F M AndlauerMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2917-5889
Andreas Schulte-MecklenbeckDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3855-4706
Gabriel Gonzalez-EscamillaDepartment of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-7209-1736
Florence BucciarelliNeurosciences Department, Centres de Ressources et de Compétences-Sclérose en Plaques, Centre Hospitalier Univeresitaire Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France.
Isabelle GenneroCenter for Physiopathology of Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043-CNRS U5282, Université Toulouse III, 31330 Toulouse, France.ORCID 0000-0002-8572-7852
Johanna BreuerDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
Gisela AntonyCentral Information Office German Competence Network of Multiple Sclerosis, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-5367-6069
Tilman Schneider-HohendorfDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-3717-5176
Nadine MykickiDepartment of Dermatology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
Antonios BayasDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
Florian Then BerghDepartment of Neurology, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany.
Stefan BittnerDepartment of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2179-3655
Hans-Peter HartungDepartment of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Manuel A FrieseInstitute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-6380-2420
Ralf A LinkerDepartment of Neurology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
Felix LuessiDepartment of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4334-4199
Klaus Lehmann-HornDepartment of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
Mark MühlauMunich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-9545-2709
Friedemann PaulNeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
Martin StangelClinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2504-5398
Björn TackenbergClinical Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
Hayrettin TumaniDepartment of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1647-6201
Clemens WarnkeDepartment of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-3510-9255
Frank WeberNeurological Clinic Cham, Sana Kliniken des Landkreises Cham GmbH, 93413 Cham, Germany.
Brigitte WildemannDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Uwe K ZettlDepartment of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-6348-1759
Ulf ZiemannDepartment of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-8372-3615
Bertram Müller-MyhsokMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-0719-101X
Tania KümpfelMunich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-7509-5268
Luisa KlotzDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
Sven G MeuthDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2571-3501
Frauke ZippDepartment of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1231-1928
Bernhard HemmerDepartment of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-5985-6784
Reinhard HohlfeldMunich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-6302-1488
David BrassatNeurosciences Department, Centres de Ressources et de Compétences-Sclérose en Plaques, Centre Hospitalier Univeresitaire Toulouse, 31300 Toulouse, France.
Ralf GoldNeurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
Catharina C GrossDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
Carsten LukasInstitute of Neuroradiology Ruhr, University Bochum and St. Josef-Hospital, 44791 Bochum, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-8562-9697
Sergiu GroppaDepartment of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
Karin LoserDepartment of Dermatology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
Heinz WiendlDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; nicholas.schwab@ukmuenster.de heinz.wiendl@ukmuenster.de.
Nicholas SchwabDepartment of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; nicholas.schwab@ukmuenster.de heinz.wiendl@ukmuenster.de.ORCID 0000-0001-5494-9885
German Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis (KKNMS) and the BIONAT Network
Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology · DEJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz · DECentre National de la Recherche Scientifique · FRSt. Josef-Hospital · DEPhilipps University of Marburg · DELeipzig University · DEMedizinische Hochschule Hannover · DEHeidelberg University · DEKliniken des Landkreises Lörrach · DEMax Delbrück Center · DEUniversität Ulm · DEUniversity Hospital Augsburg · DEUniversity of Bern · CHUniversity of Regensburg · DEUniversity of Rostock · DEUniversity of Tübingen · DEUniversity Hospital Cologne · DEUniversity of Münster · DEDüsseldorf University Hospital · DEHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf · DE
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease risk is associated with reduced sun-exposure. This study assessed the relationship between measures of sun exposure (vitamin D [vitD], latitude) and MS severity in the setting of two multicenter cohort studies (
Indexed as
B-LymphocytesCohort StudiesFemaleGenetic VariationGenotypeHumansInterferon-betaMaleMiddle AgedMonocytesMultiple SclerosisPhenotypePhototherapyReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 1RecurrenceSeverity of Illness IndexInterferon-betaMC1R protein, humanReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 1Vitamin Dlatitudemelanocortin 1 receptormultiple sclerosissunlightvitamin D
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.