ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Biofilms as Promoters of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance.
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 373 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
373 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 648 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Microbial-driven nature-based solutions for environmental antimicrobial resistance and emerging contaminants: mechanisms, platform trade-offs, and decision framework.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in equine-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC veterinary research · 2025Pooled it
- Foreign Body Granulomas Reaction Related to Collagen Stimulatory Cosmetic Fillers: A Systematic Review.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Pooled it
- Drug-resistantClinical microbiology reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Fish gut-water interface as a hotspot for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes across natural and aquaculture systems.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- Biofilm-Mediated Persistence of Salmonella in Poultry Processing: A Comprehensive Review of Isolate Heterogeneity, Stress Adaptation, and Antimicrobial Resistance.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Evaluating packaged ice safety using culture-based and metagenomic methods.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2026Article
- Biofilm Source Shapes the Tolerance to Short-Term Ciprofloxacin Exposure.Environmental microbiology reports · 2026Article
- RK-14: A Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Catheter-Associated Biofilms.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- 3-Hydroxyflavone Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Enhances Antibiotic Activity AgainstAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pangenome-GuidedPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- First Report and Integrated Characterization ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Zerumbone Combined with Hydrolytic Enzymes: A Promising Strategy to Control Mixed Biofilms ofACS omega · 2026Article
- Antibiofilm Activity of Essential Oils AgainstFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Disinfection and damage of nontuberculous mycobacteria by different UV wavelengths.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Polystyrene microplastics facilitateApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Characteristics of an NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain belonging to ST105.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- CueO Possesses Copper Detoxification Activity Linking Bacterial Virulence and Drug Resistance in Brucella.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Biofilm-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in PediatricAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
313 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multidrug resistant bacteria are a global threat for human and animal health. However, they are only part of the problem of antibiotic failure. Another bacterial strategy that contributes to their capacity to withstand antimicrobials is the formation of biofilms. Biofilms are associations of microorganisms embedded a self-produced extracellular matrix. They create particular environments that confer bacterial tolerance and resistance to antibiotics by different mechanisms that depend upon factors such as biofilm composition, architecture, the stage of biofilm development, and growth conditions. The biofilm structure hinders the penetration of antibiotics and may prevent the accumulation of bactericidal concentrations throughout the entire biofilm. In addition, gradients of dispersion of nutrients and oxygen within the biofilm generate different metabolic states of individual cells and favor the development of antibiotic tolerance and bacterial persistence. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance may develop within biofilms through a variety of mechanisms. The expression of efflux pumps may be induced in various parts of the biofilm and the mutation frequency is induced, while the presence of extracellular DNA and the close contact between cells favor horizontal gene transfer. A deep understanding of the mechanisms by which biofilms cause tolerance/resistance to antibiotics helps to develop novel strategies to fight these infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.