ArticlePharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Apremilast Microemulsion as Topical Therapy for Local Inflammation: Design, Characterization and Efficacy Evaluation.
Article in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07366268 (Evaluation of Topical Apremilast Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis), which is not on this map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Topical Apremilast Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis: Clinical, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of a Carprofen-Loaded Nanoemulsion for Topical Management of Post-Surgical Inflammation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Development and Optimization of an Apremilast-Loaded Nanoemulsion Gel for Topical Psoriasis Treatment with In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Studies Using RAW 264.7 Cells.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Efficacy ofPharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Development of Polymeric Nanoparticles Loaded withInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Fabrication and characterization of apremilast-loaded zinc oxide-mesoporous silica nanoparticles for psoriasis treatment.Therapeutic delivery · 2024Article
- Efficacy of Apremilast Gels in Mouse Model of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis Skin Inflammation.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Characterization and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Copal (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Effect of Penetration Enhancers and Safety on the Transdermal Delivery of Apremilast in Skin.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Pranoprofen Using a Thermo-Reversible Hydrogel Loaded with Lipid Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Local Inflammation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Effects of Apremilast on Induced Hypertrophic Scar of Rabbits.Archives of Razi Institute · 2021Article
- Development of a Topical Amphotericin B andPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Screening Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavanones Solutions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Apremilast (APR) is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor administered orally in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis. The low solubility and permeability of this drug hinder its dermal administration. The purpose of this study was to design and characterize an apremilast-loaded microemulsion (APR-ME) as topical therapy for local skin inflammation. Its composition was determined using pseudo-ternary diagrams. Physical, chemical and biopharmaceutical characterization were performed. Stability of this formulation was studied for 90 days. Tolerability of APR-ME was evaluated in healthy volunteers while its anti-inflammatory potential was studied using in vitro and in vivo models. A homogeneous formulation with Newtonian behavior and droplets of nanometric size and spherical shape was obtained. APR-ME released the incorporated drug following a first-order kinetic and facilitated drug retention into the skin, ensuring a local effect. Anti-inflammatory potential was observed for its ability to decrease the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in the in vitro model. This effect was confirmed in the in vivo model histologically by reduction in infiltration of inflammatory cells and immunologically by decrease of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-17A and TNFα. Consequently, these results suggest that this formulation could be used as an attractive topical treatment for skin inflammation.
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Registered trials
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