ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2020
Palisade Endings Have an Exocytotic Machinery But Lack Acetylcholine Receptors and Distinct Acetylcholinesterase Activity.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Classical Proprioceptors and Palisade Endings Have Distinct Molecular Profiles in Pig Eye Muscles.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Proprioceptors in extraocular muscles.Experimental physiology · 2024Review
- Experimental Physiology special issue: 'Mechanotransduction, muscle spindles and proprioception'.Experimental physiology · 2024Article
- Myofiber Type Shift in Extraocular Muscles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Autonomic Nerve Fibers Aberrantly Reinnervate Denervated Facial Muscles and Alter Muscle Fiber Population.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Eye Movements But Not Vision Drive the Development of Palisade Endings.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- MIF versus SIF Motoneurons, What Are Their Respective Contribution in the Oculomotor Medial Rectus Pool?The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this work was to test whether palisade endings express structural and molecular features of exocytotic machinery, and are associated with acetylcholine receptors, and enzymes for neurotransmitter breakdown. Methods: Extraocular rectus muscles from six cats were studied. Whole-mount preparations of extraocular muscles (EOMs) were immunolabeled with markers for exocytotic proteins, including synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25), syntaxin, synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin, and complexin. Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) were visualized with α-bungarotoxin and with an antibody against AChRs, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was tagged with anti-AChE. Molecular features of multicolor labeled palisade endings were analyzed in the confocal scanning microscope, and their ultrastructural features were revealed in the transmission electron microscope. Results: All palisade endings expressed the exocytotic proteins SNAP25, syntaxin, synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin, and complexin. At the ultrastructural level, vesicles docked at the plasma membrane of terminal varicosities of palisade endings. No AChRs were associated with palisade endings as demonstrated by the absence of α-bungarotoxin and anti-AChR binding. AChE, the degradative enzyme for acetylcholine exhibited low, if any, activity in palisade endings. Axonal tracking showed that axons with multiple en grappe motor terminals were in continuity with palisade endings. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that palisade endings exhibit structural and molecular characteristics of exocytotic machinery, suggesting neurotransmitter release. However, AChRs were not associated with palisade endings, so there is no binding site for acetylcholine, and, due to low/absent AChE activity, insufficient neurotransmitter removal. Thus, the present findings indicate that palisade endings belong to an effector system that is very different from that found in other skeletal muscles.
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