ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2021
HLA Class I Upregulation and Antiviral Immune Responses in Graves Disease.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of HLA transcription in unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantation.Blood advances · 2026Article
- The causal relationship between antibody-mediated immune responses to infections and Graves' disease: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Augmented MHC Class I on Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells and Enhanced Cytokine Production by CD8European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- HLA-A drives diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis: multi-omics integration reveals resveratrol's therapeutic potential via immunomodulation.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Endocrine polyautoimmunity: Mechanistic insights and the future of AI-driven diagnostics.EXCLI journal · 2025Review
- Comparison between qPCR and RNA-seq reveals challenges of quantifying HLA expression.Immunogenetics · 2023Article
- Viruses and Endocrine Diseases.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- The role of HLA genotypes in understanding the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19.The Egyptian journal of medical human genetics · 2023Review
- High Prevalence of Common Human Viruses in Thyroid Tissue.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- HLA allele-specific expression: Methods, disease associations, and relevance in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Immune Transcriptome of Cells Infected with Enterovirus Strains Obtained from Cases of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease.Microorganisms · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextThe origin of Graves disease (GD) remains elusive. However, evidence of an association between GD and viral infections is emerging. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I presents viral antigens to circulating immune cells and plays a crucial role in the defense against viral infections.
objectiveThis work aimed to investigate HLA class I expression, enterovirus presence, and the viral immune response proteins signal transducer and activation of transcription 1 (STAT1) and protein kinase R (PKR) in thyroid tissue from GD patients.
methodsWe collected thyroid tissue from core needle biopsies or surgical specimens from 48 GD patients and 24 controls. Standard immunohistochemistry was used to detect HLA class I and enteroviral capsid protein 1 (VP1) on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. STAT1 and PKR were examined by combined immunofluorescence staining. HLA class I expression score was the main outcome measure.
resultsThe HLA class I expression score, which takes both proportion and intensity of immunostaining into account, was significantly higher in GD patients (3.1 ± 3.3) than in controls (0.5 ± 0.9) (P < .001). Significantly more VP1 positive thyroid cells were found GD samples (50.1 ± 30.5%) than in controls (14.9 ± 10.5%) (P < .001). STAT1 and HLA class I were found within the same thyroid cells and PKR and VP1 were also colocalized within thyroid cells.
conclusionHLA class I is upregulated in GD and enterovirus protein is prevalent in thyroid tissue. The colocalization of HLA class I with STAT1 and VP1 with PKR indicates an antiviral tissue response. These findings support the concept of a link between viral infections and GD.
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