ArticleGenome biology and evolution2021
Long-Read Genome Assemblies Reveal Extraordinary Variation in the Number and Structure of MHC Loci in Birds.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIA reveals polymorphism and positive selection in many vertebrate species.Molecular ecology · 2022Pooled it
- Static Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes Across Life-Stages, Generations and Tissues in a Songbird.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Genomic structural variation rescues a classic biological invader from a population bottleneck.Science advances · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis Susceptibility and Inbreeding Depression HinderEvolutionary applications · 2026Article
- Molecular Evolution of the NLR Gene Family Reveals Diverse Innate Immune Strategies in Bats.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Long read genome unravels MHC I genomic architecture, evolution, and diversity loss iniScience · 2025Article
- Temporal Loss of Genome-Wide and Immunogenetic Diversity in a Near-Extinct Parrot.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- MHC Diversity Across Time and Space.Ecology and evolution · 2025Review
- Transposable elements shape the landscape of heterozygous structural variation in a bird genome.Zoological research · 2025Article
- Koala MHCII association with chlamydia infertility remains equivocal: a need for new research approaches.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Expansion of MHC-IIB Has Constrained the Evolution of MHC-IIA in Passerines.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Correlated evolution of oxidative physiology and MHC-based immunosurveillance in birds.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Organisation and evolution of the major histocompatibility complex class I genes in cetaceans.iScience · 2024Article
- Review
- The genome of a globally invasive passerine, the common myna, Acridotheres tristis.DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes · 2024Article
- Long-Read Sequencing Reveals Rapid Evolution of Immunity- and Cancer-Related Genes in Bats.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Single-worm long-read sequencing reveals genome diversity in free-living nematodes.Nucleic acids research · 2023Article
- High functional allelic diversity and copy number in both MHC classes in the common buzzard.BMC ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- MHC architecture in amphibians - ancestral reconstruction, gene rearrangements and duplication patterns.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
- TrEMOLO: accurate transposable element allele frequency estimation using long-read sequencing data combining assembly and mapping-based approaches.Genome biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Our knowledge of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in birds is limited because it often consists of numerous duplicated genes within individuals that are difficult to assemble with short read sequencing technology. Long-read sequencing provides an opportunity to overcome this limitation because it allows the assembly of long regions with repetitive elements. In this study, we used genomes based on long-read sequencing to predict the number and location of MHC loci in a broad range of bird taxa. From the long-read-based genomes of 34 species, we found that there was extremely large variation in the number of MHC loci between species. Overall, there were greater numbers of both class I and II loci in passerines than nonpasserines. The highest numbers of loci (up to 193 class II loci) were found in manakins (Pipridae), which had previously not been studied at the MHC. Our results provide the first direct evidence from passerine genomes of this high level of duplication. We also found different duplication patterns between species. In some species, both MHC class I and II genes were duplicated together, whereas in most species they were duplicated independently. Our study shows that the analysis of long-read-based genomes can dramatically improve our knowledge of MHC structure, although further improvements in chromosome level assembly are needed to understand the evolutionary mechanisms producing the extraordinary interspecific variation in the architecture of the MHC region.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.