ArticleBiomaterials science2021
Milk exosomes with enhanced mucus penetrability for oral delivery of siRNA.
Article in Biomaterials science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Balancing stability and cellular interaction in surface-engineered small extracellular vesicles for pulmonary delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Exploiting the role of milk extracellular vesicles: a comprehensive analysis on isolation methods, characterization, surface modifications, and their therapeutic applications.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Long-Term Stabilization of Non-Bovine Milk Exosomes Using Lyophilization: Toward Oral Delivery of PROTAC Therapeutics.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2026Article
- Engineered vesicles enhance oral antibiotic absorption in proximal small intestine and mitigate gut dysbiosis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Spatial charge-hydrophobicity configuration modulates cationic peptide transport in cartilage.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- Integrin β4-Enriched Small Extracellular Vesicle as Drug Delivery Vehicle for Targeting Pulmonary Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Bioengineered milk-derived extracellular vesicles implementing high drug loading and membrane integrity for efficient oral drug delivery.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles in dairy cattle: research progress and prospects for practical applications.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Curcumin-loaded milk-derived sEVs fused with platelet membrane attenuate endothelial senescence and promote spinal cord injury recovery in diabetic mice.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Cartilage-targeting exosomes for delivery of receptor antagonist of interleukin-1 in osteoarthritis treatment.Osteoarthritis and cartilage · 2025Article
- Oral delivery of stabilized lipid nanoparticles for nucleic acid therapeutics.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Exosome isolation based on polyethylene glycol (PEG): a review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Harnessing exosomes for targeted drug delivery systems to combat brain cancer.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- A Milk Extracellular Vesicle-Based Nanoplatform Enhances Combination Therapy Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Milk-derived extracellular vesicles and gut health.NPJ science of food · 2025Review
- Milk-derived extracellular vesicles: nature's nanocarriers for drug delivery and therapeutics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Mechanistic insight into human milk extracellular vesicle-intestinal barrier interactions.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Perspective on Comparative Therapeutics and Targeted Nanocarrier Application.Vaccines · 2024Review
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Bovine milk-derived exosomes have recently emerged as a promising nano-vehicle for the encapsulation and delivery of macromolecular biotherapeutics. Here we engineer high purity bovine milk exosomes (mExo) with modular surface tunability for oral delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA). We utilize a low-cost enrichment method combining casein chelation with differential ultracentrifugation followed by size exclusion chromatography, yielding mExo of high concentration and purity. Using in vitro models, we demonstrate that negatively charged hydrophobic mExos can penetrate multiple biological barriers to oral drug delivery. A hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating was introduced on the mExo surface via passive, stable hydrophobic insertion of a conjugated lipid tail, which significantly reduced mExo degradation in acidic gastric environment and enhanced their permeability through mucin by over 3× compared to unmodified mExo. Both mExo and PEG-mExo exhibited high uptake by intestinal epithelial cells and mediated functional intracellular delivery of siRNA, thereby suppressing the expression of the target green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene by up to 70%. We also show that cationic chemical transfection is significantly more efficient in loading siRNA into mExo than electroporation. The simplicity of isolating high purity mExo in high concentrations and equipping them with tunable surface properties, demonstrated here, paves way for the development of mExo as an effective, scalable platform technology for oral drug delivery of siRNA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.