ReviewClinical & translational immunology2020
Trained immunity as a novel approach against COVID-19 with a focus on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine: mechanisms, challenges and perspectives.
Review in Clinical & translational immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Upregulation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms facilitating prevention of gastricFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Seroprevalence in Children during Pandemic Waves in Sarajevo, a Single Center Experience.Acta medica academica · 2023Article
- Mycobacterium bovis BCG increase the selected determinants of monocyte/macrophage activity, which were diminished in response to gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Microglial immune regulation by epigenetic reprogramming through histone H3K27 acetylation in neuroinflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Metabolic features of innate lymphoid cells.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2022Review
- One-Year Report of COVID-19 Impact on Geriatric Patients: a Bio-Psycho-Social Approach.Canadian geriatrics journal : CGJ · 2022Review
- Recombinant Adjuvanted Zoster Vaccine and Reduced Risk of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Diagnosis and Hospitalization in Older Adults.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- What we know and still ignore on COVID-19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on the experience of allergic disorders.Allergy · 2022Review
- Review
- Immunomodulation of COVID-19 severity by helminth co-infection: Implications for COVID-19 vaccine efficacy.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2022Review
- Relationship between Tuberculin Skin Test and COVID-19 Outcomes among Patients with COVID-19 in Zahedan, Iran.Tanaffos · 2022Article
- Heterologous vaccination interventions to reduce pandemic morbidity and mortality: Modeling the US winter 2020 COVID-19 wave.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Impact of dietary vitamin D on immunoregulation and disease pathology in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Coronavirus Infection and Cholesterol Metabolism.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Protozoan co-infections and parasite influence on the efficacy of vaccines against bacterial and viral pathogens.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Does BCG provide long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection? A case-control study in Quebec, Canada.Vaccine · 2021Article
- Autoinflammatory Diseases and Cytokine Storms-Imbalances of Innate and Adaptative Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Impact that the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccinations and challenges ahead: A narrative review.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2021Review
- An update review of globally reported SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in preclinical and clinical stages.International immunopharmacology · 2021Review
- COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines and challenges, protection via BCG trained immunity, and clinical trials.Expert review of vaccines · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe health problem in many countries and has altered day-to-day life in the whole world. This infection is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and depending on age, sex and health status of the patient, it can present with variety of clinical symptoms such as mild infection, a very severe form or even asymptomatic course of the disease. Similarly to other viruses, innate immune response plays a vital role in protection against COVID-19. However, dysregulation of innate immunity could have a significant influence on the severity of the disease. Despite various efforts, there is no effective vaccine against the disease so far. Recent data have demonstrated that the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine could reduce disease severity and the burden of several infectious diseases in addition to targeting its primary focus tuberculosis. There is growing evidence for the concept of beneficial non-specific boosting of immune responses by BCG or other microbial compounds termed trained immunity, which may protect against COVID-19. In this manuscript, we review data on how the development of innate immune memory due to microbial compounds specifically BCG can result in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss possible mechanisms, challenges and perspectives of using innate immunity as an approach to reduce COVID-19 severity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.