ReviewFrontiers in neurology2020
Central Nervous System Demyelination Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Review of the Literature.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical characteristics, management and outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced central nervous system demyelinating disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of High Efficacy Multiple Sclerosis Disease Modifying Drugs on the Immune Synapse: A Systematic Review.Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Exploring a possible shared pathophysiology in co-occurrence of multiple sclerosis and Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report and review of literature.BMC neurology · 2026Review
- Microglial PD-1/PD-L1 axis in CNS demyelinating diseases: a dual immunoregulatory perspective.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Neurological immune-related adverse events with checkpoint inhibitor therapy: challenges for the neurologist.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Review
- Review
- Emerging Ocular Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Molecular mimicry as a mechanism of viral immune evasion and autoimmunity.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Unravelling the Acute, Chronic and Steroid-Refractory Management of High-Grade Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events: A Call to Action.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- Neurological Immune-Related Adverse Events Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Neuromyelitis optica associated with the use of Atezolizumab in a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Neurological Adverse Events Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Practical Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in the United States.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Pre-existing Neurologic Autoimmune Disorders.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2023Review
- Frequency of demyelinating disease activity following immune checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy.Journal of neurology · 2023Article
- Neurologic Complications of Cancer Immunotherapy.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- Review
- Case Report: Balancing immune responses - multiple sclerosis disease exacerbation under BRAF/MEK treatment for malignant melanoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a novel class of antineoplastic treatment that enhances immunity against tumors. They are associated with immune adverse events, and several neurological syndromes have been described, including multiple sclerosis and atypical demyelination. We performed a systematic literature review of case reports with neurological immune adverse events that presented with central nervous system demyelination, up to December 2019. We found 23 cases: seven with myelitis, four isolated optic neuritis, one neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, five multiple sclerosis, and six with atypical demyelination. Ipilimumab was the most frequently used ICI (11/23). The median time to develop symptoms from the onset of ICI was 6.5 weeks [range 1.0-43.0], and from last ICI dose was 14 days [range 0-161]. Anatomopathological examination was performed in four cases, with the finding of a T-cell mediated immune response. Outcomes were generally favorable after immunosuppression: 18 patients had improvement or a full recovery, three patients did not respond to treatment, three patients died, and in one, treatment was not reported. We describe the patients' clinical presentation, treatment administered, and outcomes. We further speculate on possible pathophysiological mechanisms and discuss potential treatments that may be worth investigating.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.