ReviewJournal of Parkinson's disease2021
Infection and Risk of Parkinson's Disease.
Review in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hepatitis C virus infection and Parkinson's disease: insights from a joint sex-stratified BioOptimatics meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Lower Blood Lipid Level Is Associated with the Occurrence of Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Gasdermin D in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathogenic Roles and Therapeutic Perspectives.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Circuit and Molecular Pathology in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology in Parkinson's Disease: overcoming drug delivery challenges and enhancing therapeutic outcomes.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- The cGAS-STING pathway at the crossroads of neuroimmunology: bridging innate immunity to aging and neurodegeneration.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Causal Effects Between Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses and Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Genetic Studies.Cureus · 2026Article
- Pathogen Antibodies and Parkinson's Disease: A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Current neurovascular research · 2026Article
- Helicobacter pylori infection and α-synuclein pathology drive parallel neurodegenerative pathways in the substantia nigra.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Risk of Parkinson's disease after human papillomavirus infection: a nationwide cohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Chronic Neuroplasticity Changes Following Neurotropic Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Implications.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- "Recommendations for clinical study protocols for immune and inflammatory profiling in Parkinson's disease".NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Clinical Characteristics of Parkinsonism in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2025Review
- Association Between Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Parkinson's Disease in Korean Populations: A Nested Case-Control Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Could serum IGF-1 and IGF-2 serve as potential biomarkers in idiopathic Parkinson's disease? A correlation with disease stages.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Article
- Parkinson's disease: exploring the systemic immune mechanisms through molecular investigations.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Neurocognitive Impairment After COVID-19: Mechanisms, Phenotypes, and Links to Alzheimer's Disease.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Environmental exposures and familial background alter the induction of neuropathology and inflammation after SARS-CoV-2 infection.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Bacterial or viral infection has been proposed as a potential risk factor, and there is supporting although not entirely consistent epidemiologic and basic science evidence to support its role. Encephalitis caused by influenza has included parkinsonian features. Epidemiological evidence is most compelling for an association between PD and hepatitis C virus. Infection with Helicobacter pylori may be associated not only with PD risk but also response to levodopa. Rapidly evolving knowledge regarding the role of the microbiome also suggests a role of resident bacteria in PD risk. Biological plausibility for the role for infectious agents is supported by the known neurotropic effects of specific viruses, particular vulnerability of the substantia nigra and even the promotion of aggregation of alpha-synuclein. A common feature of implicated viruses appears to be production of high levels of cytokines and chemokines that can cross the blood-brain barrier leading to microglial activation and inflammation and ultimately neuronal cell death. Based on multiple avenues of evidence it appears likely that specific bacterial and particularly viral infections may increase vulnerability to PD. The implications of this for PD prevention requires attention and may be most relevant once preventive treatments for at-risk populations are developed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.