ReviewCytokine2021
Cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection: The spectrum of its neurological manifestations.
Review in Cytokine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Long COVID on the Female Reproductive System: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The lung-brain axis: elucidating the mechanisms of pulmonary-driven neurological disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- The "cytokine storm" in infection and sepsis: win the battle but lose the war.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Bloodstream Infection-induced Neuroinflammation: from Systemic Infection To Brain Invasion.Current microbiology · 2025Review
- The Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination With Sudden Death: An Explorative Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Review
- Treatment of cytokine release syndrome-induced vascular endothelial injury using mesenchymal stem cells.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2024Review
- Induction of Superior Systemic and Mucosal Protective Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 by Nasal Administration of a VSV-ΔG-Spike Vaccine.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Identification of predictive patient characteristics for assessing the probability of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality.PLOS digital health · 2024Article
- Therapeutic potential and possible mechanisms of ginseng for depression associated with COVID-19.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Review
- Neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection among solid organ transplanted patients: does immunosuppression matter?Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Case report: Rare Guillain-Barré syndrome variants and mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion as the para-infectious manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Wheel Replacing Pyramid: Better Paradigm Representing Totality of Evidence-Based Medicine.Annals of global health · 2024Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies in the Post-Acute Neurological COVID Syndrome: Current Landscape and Opportunities.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- An in vitro model of the macrophage-endothelial interface to characterize CAR T-cell induced cytokine storm.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Neutrophils and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS).International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- VSV-ΔG-Spike Candidate Vaccine Induces Protective Immunity and Protects K18-hACE2 Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Viruses · 2023Article
- Integrated Transcriptomics and Network Analysis of Potential Mechanisms and Health Effects of Convalescent COVID-19 Patients.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2023Article
- Neurological Presentations in Patients with COVID-19 in Cytokine Storm.The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques · 2023Article
- Case Report: High-dose steroid and IVIG successful treatment in a case of COVID-19-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can trigger a hyperinflammatory state characterized by elevated cytokine levels known as hypercytokinemia or cytokine storm, observed most often in severe patients. Though COVID-19 is known to be a primarily respiratory disease, neurological complications affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems have also been reported. This review discusses potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and pathogenesis, summarizes reported neurological sequelae of COVID-19, and examines how aberrant cytokine levels may precipitate these complications. Clarification of the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to encourage prompt diagnosis and optimized care. In particular, identifying the presence of cytokine storm in patients with neurological COVID-19 manifestations will facilitate avenues for treatment. Future investigations into aberrant cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms as well as the efficacy of cytokine storm-targeting treatments will be critical in elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms and effective treatments of COVID-19.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.