Observational studyClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2021
Better prognosis in females with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: possible role of inflammation as potential mediator.
Observational study in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpretable machine learning for prognostic prediction in critically ill patients with coronary artery disease: a multicenter study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Estradiol and Dihydrotestosterone Levels in COVID-19 Patients.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2023Article
- [Effect of rehabilitation on functionality/quality of life in stroke due to COVID-19].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2023Observational
- The interplay of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and aging: a biological, clinical and public health approach.Ageing research reviews · 2022Review
- [Cardiorespiratory and neuromusculoskeletal symptoms with post-acute COVID-19 in a Rehabilitation center].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2022Observational
- Depression pandemic and cardiovascular risk in the COVID-19 era and long COVID syndrome: Gender makes a difference.Trends in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- Complement and endothelial cell activation in COVID-19 patients compared to controls with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection: A prospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Identification of key molecules in COVID-19 patients significantly correlated with clinical outcomes by analyzing transcriptomic data.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- Declining Mortality Rate of Hospitalised Patients in the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Epidemics in Italy: Risk Factors and the Age-Specific Patterns.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Sex differences in a cohort of COVID-19 Italian patients hospitalized during the first and second pandemic waves.Biology of sex differences · 2021Article
- A nationwide analysis of population group differences in the COVID-19 epidemic in Israel, February 2020-February 2021.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2021Article
- Sex-biased clinical presentation and outcomes from COVID-19.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
- Neutralizing Autoantibodies to Type I IFNs in >10% of Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Hospitalized in Madrid, Spain.Journal of clinical immunology · 2021Article
- Impact of gender on patients hospitalized for SARS-COV-2 infection: A prospective observational study.Journal of medical virology · 2021Observational
- Association between previous infection with SARS CoV-2 and the risk of self-reported symptoms after mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination: Data from 3,078 health care workers.EClinicalMedicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
20 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesSex differences in COVID-19 severity and mortality have been described. Key aims of this analysis were to compare the risk of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and mortality by sex and to explore whether variation in specific biomarkers could mediate this difference.
methodsThis was a retrospective, observational cohort study among patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. A survival analysis was conducted to compare time to the composite endpoint of IMV or death according to sex. Interaction was formally tested to compare the risk difference by sex in sub-populations. Mediation analysis with a binary endpoint IMV or death (yes/no) by day 28 of follow-up for a number of inflammation/coagulation biomarkers in the context of counterfactual prediction was also conducted.
resultsAmong 415 patients, 134 were females (32%) and 281 males (67%), median age 66 years (IQR 54-77). At admission, females showed a significantly less severe clinical and respiratory profiles with a higher PaO DISCUSSION: Our analysis confirms a difference in the risk of COVID-19 clinical progression by sex and provides a hypothesis for potential mechanisms leading to this. Specifically, CRP showed a predominant role to mediate the difference in risk by sex.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.