Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33357108›Full record

ArticleInquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing

The Secret Menu in Health Care: A Cash Market for Imaging in California.

Jordan Epstein, Sean Nicholson, Lucy Xiaolu Wang, Katherine Hempstead, Sam Asin

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financing. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. ERISA and the Failure of Employers to Perform Their Fiduciary Duties: Evidence from a Survey of Health Plan Administrators.The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jordan EpsteinStroll Health, Glendale, CA, USA.
Sean NicholsonCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Lucy Xiaolu WangCornell University, USA & Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-9214-9256
Katherine HempsteadRobert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Sam AsinStroll Health, Glendale, CA, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In addition to the prices they negotiate with private health insurers, most providers also have a cash price schedule for patients who have the wherewithal to ask and are willing to pay in full when they receive a service. This is the first study that estimates the potential cost saving of allowing privately-insured consumers to observe both in-network negotiated prices and cash prices, which is of particular interest given the growing importance of high-deductible health plans and a recent executive order mandating greater price transparency. Using data from five private health insurers and 142 imaging facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area, we estimate that patients could save between 10% and 22% of their insurer's in-network price by paying cash. Potential savings are much larger (between 45% and 64% of their insurer's in-network price) if consumers observe both cash and in-network prices and select the facility in the region offering the lowest price for a particular service.

Indexed as

Delivery of Health CareInsurance CarriersCaliforniaHumanscash pricescost savingsimagingprice transparencyprivate insurersimulations

Identifiers

PMID33357108
PMCPMC7768312

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.