ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2021
Triangulating Evidence through the Inclusion of Genetically Informed Designs.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genetic investigation of the association between maternal dietary patterns and offspring ADHD.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Genetically Informed Research Designs in Perinatal Pharmacoepidemiology: A Methodological Overview.Drug safety · 2026Review
- Psychological Well-Being, Neuroticism, and the Risk of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Triangulation Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Challenges and future directions for Mendelian randomization.Nature genetics · 2026Review
- Estimating returns to education using the genetic lottery.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Estimating the causal effect of cardiometabolic conditions on socioeconomic and healthcare outcomes: a scoping review of Mendelian randomization studies.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Global, Population and Genetic Evidence on the Relationships Between Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease and Cancer Risk.Cancer innovation · 2026Article
- Real-World Health and Economic Effects of a Large-Scale Outpatient Screening and Continuing Care Programme for Early Detection and Care of Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Implemented in Routine Care Across Germany: A Quasi-Experimental Study Using Health Insurance Claims Data.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Article
- The rapid growth in Mendelian randomization studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Evidence triangulator: using large language models to extract and synthesize causal evidence across study designs.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Chronic low back pain causal risk factors identified by Mendelian randomization: a cross-sectional cohort analysis.The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society · 2025Observational
- Noise and the risk of tinnitus: A two-sample Mendelian randomized study.World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery · 2025Article
- Role of inflammation in depressive and anxiety disorders, affect, and cognition: genetic and non-genetic findings in the lifelines cohort study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- A Principled Framework for Mendelian Randomization in Oral Health Research.Journal of periodontal research · 2025Article
- Triangulated evidence provides no support for bidirectional causal pathways between diet/physical activity and depression/anxiety.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- A guide for planning triangulation studies to investigate complex causal questions in behavioural and psychiatric research.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Article
- The genetic landscape of substance use disorders.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Review
- Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Causal Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Hospital Costs.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- The importance of timing of socioeconomic disadvantage throughout development for depressive symptoms and brain structure.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2024Article
- Chronic Low Back Pain Causal Risk Factors Identified by Mendelian Randomization: a Cross-Sectional Cohort Analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Much research effort is invested in attempting to determine causal influences on disease onset and progression to inform prevention and treatment efforts. However, this is often dependent on observational data that are prone to well-known limitations, particularly residual confounding and reverse causality. Several statistical methods have been developed to support stronger causal inference. However, a complementary approach is to use design-based methods for causal inference, which acknowledge sources of bias and attempt to mitigate these through the design of the study rather than solely through statistical adjustment. Genetically informed methods provide a novel and potentially powerful extension to this approach, accounting by design for unobserved genetic and environmental confounding. No single approach will be absent from bias. Instead, we should seek and combine evidence from multiple methodologies that each bring different (and ideally uncorrelated) sources of bias. If the results of these different methodologies align-or triangulate-then we can be more confident in our causal inference. To be truly effective, this should ideally be done prospectively, with the sources of evidence specified in advance, to protect against one final source of bias-our own cognitions, expectations, and fondly held beliefs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.