ArticleOrthopaedic journal of sports medicine2020
Effects of Mound Versus Flat-Ground Pitching and Distance on Arm Mechanics and Elbow Torque in High School Pitchers.
Article in Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Professional Pitchers with Higher Combined Joint and Segment Velocities Irrespective of Sequence Order Demonstrate Faster Ball Velocity At The Cost of Increased Throwing Arm Kinetics.The Iowa orthopaedic journal · 2026Article
- Energy flows with intentional changes in leg movements during baseball pitching.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Workload Comparison of Contemporary Interval Throwing Programs and a Novel Optimized Program for Baseball Pitchers.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2024Article
- Author Response - Letter to the Editor Concerning: "An Interval Throwing Program for Baseball Pitchers Based upon Workload Data".International journal of sports physical therapy · 2024Article
- Letter to the Editor Concerning: "An Interval Throwing Program for Baseball Pitchers Based upon Workload Data".International journal of sports physical therapy · 2024Article
- Factors that Increase Elbow Stress in the Throwing Athlete: a Systematic Review of Biomechanical and Motion Analysis Studies of Baseball Pitching and Throwing.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2023Review
- Individualizing the Throwing Progression Following Injury in Baseball Pitchers: the Past, Present, and Future.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the monitoring of a pitcher's throwing arm workload has become a hot topic in both research and the pitching world, the impact of mound height and distance still remains unclear. PURPOSE: To compare the kinetics and kinematics between pitches from a mound and flat ground at 2 different distances. STUDY
designDescriptive laboratory study.
methodsA total of 21 healthy high school varsity baseball pitchers (age, 16.2 ± 1.3 years; weight, 73.6 ± 11.0 kg; height, 181.3 ± 6.4 cm) participated in this study. Players were fitted with a motusBASEBALL sensor and sleeve. Each pitcher was instructed to pitch 5 fastballs under 4 conditions: mound at 60.5 ft (regulation distance), flat ground at 60.5 ft, mound at 50.5 ft, and flat ground at 50.5 ft. Linear mixed-effects models were used to account for both intra- and interplayer variability. A multivariable model was used to evaluate the association of mound pitching, flat-ground pitching, and their distances (50.5 ft and 60.5 ft), and their interaction to arm speed, arm slot, arm rotation, elbow varus torque, and ball velocity.
resultsThere were no statistically significant effects of mound, flat-ground, or distance variation on arm speed or shoulder rotation. Arm slot was significantly higher (+3.0°;
conclusionContrary to long-standing notions, the study results suggest that pitching from the mound does not significantly increase stress on the elbow compared with flat-ground pitching. Lower elbow varus torque and faster ball velocity at the regulation distance compared with the reduced distance indicate that elbow stress and ball velocity may not correlate perfectly, and radar guns may not be an appropriate surrogate measure of elbow varus torque. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A better understanding of the kinetic and kinematic implications of various throwing programs will allow for the designing of programs that are driven by objective data with aims directed toward injury prevention and rehabilitation in baseball pitchers.
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