ArticleClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2021
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis among migrants in Europe, 1995 to 2017.
Article in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tuberculosis in adult migrants in Europe: a TBnet consensus statement.The European respiratory journal · 2025Pooled it
- Global morbidity and mortality of central nervous system tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, Alameda County, California, 2010-2021.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- QuantiFERON-TB gold test: a valuable diagnostic tool for tubercular uveitis in non-endemic regions.Infection · 2026Article
- Host- and pathogen-related determinants of pulmonaryEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Population structure and spatial distribution ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Orbital tuberculosis mimicking a vascular emergency: A case report of superior ophthalmic vein engorgement.IDCases · 2026Article
- Trends, challenges, and outcomes of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a ten-year study in Cologne (2012-2022).BMC public health · 2025Article
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- Screening for infectious and neglected tropical diseases among newly arrived migrants from Africa and Asia: a retrospective study from Verona province, Italy.Tropical medicine and health · 2025Article
- Accelerating extrapulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis with a rapid molecular assay.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in The Netherlands, an epidemiologic overview, 1993-2022.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2025Article
- Differences found in patient characteristics of migrant tuberculosis sub-populations within low TB incidence European countries, 2014-2020.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Estimation of tuberculosis mortality burden in Spain: a review of the major data sources.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis rates in migrants in low-incidence European countries, according to country of origin, reporting country and recency of immigration, 2014 to 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Deciphering the population dynamics and drug-resistance characteristics of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: genomic and clinical insights from a Chinese hospital.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Lung and Abdominal Ultrasound for Tuberculosis in a German Multicenter Cohort of Patients With Presumed Tuberculosis Disease.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Extrapulmonary and Drug-Resistant Childhood Tuberculosis: Unveiling the Disease to Adopt the Optimal Treatment Strategy.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe proportion of tuberculosis (TB) cases occurring in migrants in Europe is increasing. Extrapulmonary TB poses challenges in diagnosis and treatment and causes serious morbidity and mortality, yet its extent in migrant populations is unclear. We assessed patterns of extrapulmonary TB in migrants across the European Union (EU)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA). We investigated the proportion of extrapulmonary TB cases among migrants versus non-migrants, and variations by specific site of disease, reporting European region, and migrant region of origin.
methodsWe carried out a cross-sectional secondary database analysis, utilizing 23 years of data collected between 1995 and 2017 from the European Surveillance System of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control for 32 EU/EFTA countries.
resultsIn total, 1 270 896 TB cases were included, comprising 326 987 migrants (25.7%) and 943 909 non-migrants (74.3%). Of TB cases among migrants, 45.2% (n = 147 814) were extrapulmonary compared to 21.7% (n = 204 613) among non-migrants (p < 0.001). Lymphatic, bone/joint and peritoneal/digestive TB were more common among migrant than non-migrant extrapulmonary cases. A lower proportion of extrapulmonary TB was seen in Eastern Europe (17.4%, n = 98 656 of 566 170) and Southern Europe (29.6%, n = 62 481 of 210 828) compared with Western (35.7%, n = 89 498 of 250 517) and Northern Europe (41.8%, n = 101 792 of 243 381). Migrants from South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa were at highest risk of extrapulmonary disease, with 62.0% (n = 55 401 of 89 353) and 54.5% (n = 38 327 of 70 378) of cases, respectively, being extrapulmonary.
conclusionsAmong TB cases in the EU/EFTA, extrapulmonary disease is significantly more common in migrants than in non-migrants. There is a need to improve clinical awareness of extrapulmonary TB and to integrate its detection into screening programmes.
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