ArticlePathogens and disease2021
Induction of the reactive chlorine-responsive transcription factor RclR in Escherichia coli following ingestion by neutrophils.
Article in Pathogens and disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Implications of bacterial exposure to reactive oxygen and chlorine species.Infection and immunity · 2026Review
- Genome-wide characterization of hypothiocyanite stress response inJournal of bacteriology · 2025Article
- The role of metals in hypothiocyanite resistance inJournal of bacteriology · 2024Article
- The role of metals in hypothiocyanite resistance inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Expression of RcrB confers resistance to hypochlorous acid in uropathogenicJournal of bacteriology · 2023Article
- Expression of RcrB confers resistance to hypochlorous acid in uropathogenicbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- A Year at the Forefront of Bacterial Defense Systems Against Neutrophilic Oxidants.Biology open · 2023Article
- Site-specific decreases in DNA methylation in replicating cells following exposure to oxidative stress.Human molecular genetics · 2023Article
- Article
- Scylla, Charybdis, and navigating antimicrobial action in the neutrophil phagosome.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Neutrophils generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and related reactive chlorine species as part of their defence against invading microorganisms. In isolation, bacteria respond to reactive chlorine species by upregulating responses that provide defence against oxidative challenge. Key questions are whether these responses are induced when bacteria are phagocytosed by neutrophils, and whether this provides them with a survival advantage. We investigated RclR, a transcriptional activator of the rclABC operon in Escherichia coli that has been shown to be specifically activated by reactive chlorine species. We first measured induction by individual reactive chlorine species, and showed that HOCl itself activates the response, as do chloramines (products of HOCl reacting with amines) provided they are cell permeable. Strong RclR activation was seen in E. coli following phagocytosis by neutrophils, beginning within 5 min and persisting for 40 min. RclR activation was suppressed by inhibitors of NOX2 and myeloperoxidase, providing strong evidence that it was due to HOCl production in the phagosome. RclR activation demonstrates that HOCl, or a derived chloramine, enters phagocytosed bacteria in sufficient amount to induce this response. Although RclR was induced in wild-type bacteria following phagocytosis, we detected no greater sensitivity to neutrophil killing of mutants lacking genes in the rclABC operon.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.