ArticleEmerging infectious diseases2021
Estimate of Burden and Direct Healthcare Cost of Infectious Waterborne Disease in the United States.
Article in Emerging infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 167 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
167 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 308 citations in OpenAlex.
- Climate change and waterborne diseases in temperate regions: a systematic review.Journal of water and health · 2025Pooled it
- How long do pathogens persist and survive in water? A systematic review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Burden of disease from contaminated drinking water in countries with high access to safely managed water: A systematic review.Water research · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Culture-Based Methods for Monitoring Antibiotic-Resistant Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas as Environmentally Relevant Pathogens in Wastewater and Surface Water.Current environmental health reports · 2023Pooled it
- Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovar Hadar Strain Linked to Poultry-Associated Salmonellosis Outbreaks, United States.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Review
- 100 Years of Drinking Water Outbreak Surveillance: Trends and Influence, United States, 1920-2020.American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Disinfection and damage of nontuberculous mycobacteria by different UV wavelengths.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Temperature and pH growth preferences predict the pathogenicity and environmental distributions of nontuberculous mycobacteria.mSystems · 2026Article
- Premise Plumbing "CT" (PPCT) as a Control Parameter for Opportunistic Pathogens.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Are cases of enteric disease due toEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal distribution of Escherichia coli and fecal and non-fecal pathogens in the urban surface water system of Amsterdam.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2026Article
- Alternative Disinfection in Hot Water Networks: Persistence and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver-Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide forACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Population dynamics and genomic characterization ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Nanotechnology for water disinfection and biofilm control: mechanisms, applications, and future outlook.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Microbial Growth Curve Framework Provides Insights for Controlling Opportunistic Pathogens in Building Plumbing.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Assessing transcriptomic responses ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- The risk of NTM pulmonary infection associated with trace metal exposure from public distribution system water in the United States.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
107 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Provision of safe drinking water in the United States is a great public health achievement. However, new waterborne disease challenges have emerged (e.g., aging infrastructure, chlorine-tolerant and biofilm-related pathogens, increased recreational water use). Comprehensive estimates of the health burden for all water exposure routes (ingestion, contact, inhalation) and sources (drinking, recreational, environmental) are needed. We estimated total illnesses, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, deaths, and direct healthcare costs for 17 waterborne infectious diseases. About 7.15 million waterborne illnesses occur annually (95% credible interval [CrI] 3.88 million-12.0 million), results in 601,000 ED visits (95% CrI 364,000-866,000), 118,000 hospitalizations (95% CrI 86,800-150,000), and 6,630 deaths (95% CrI 4,520-8,870) and incurring US $3.33 billion (95% CrI 1.37 billion-8.77 billion) in direct healthcare costs. Otitis externa and norovirus infection were the most common illnesses. Most hospitalizations and deaths were caused by biofilm-associated pathogens (nontuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas, Legionella), costing US $2.39 billion annually.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.