Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33349855›Full record

Observational studyInternational journal of epidemiology2021

Ethnic-minority groups in England and Wales-factors associated with the size and timing of elevated COVID-19 mortality: a retrospective cohort study linking census and death records.

Daniel Ayoubkhani, Vahé Nafilyan, Chris White, Peter Goldblatt, Charlotte Gaughan, Louisa Blackwell, Nicky Rogers, Amitava Banerjee, Kamlesh Khunti, Myer Glickman and 2 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in International journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
35citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  19. Socioeconomic and ethnic disparities along five waves of the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons we have not yet learnt.Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing · 2023
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Daniel AyoubkhaniOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Vahé NafilyanOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Chris WhiteOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Peter GoldblattUCL Institute for Health Equity, London, UK.
Charlotte GaughanOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Louisa BlackwellOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Nicky RogersOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Amitava BanerjeeInstitute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
Kamlesh KhuntiDiabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Myer GlickmanOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Ben HumberstoneOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.
Ian DiamondOffice for National Statistics, Newport, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWe estimated population-level associations between ethnicity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality using a newly linked census-based data set and investigated how ethnicity-specific mortality risk evolved during the pandemic.

methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of respondents to the 2011 Census of England and Wales in private households, linked to death registrations and adjusted for emigration (n = 47 872 412). The outcome of interest was death involving COVID-19 between 2 March 2020 and 15 May 2020. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for ethnic-minority groups compared with the White population, controlling for individual, household and area characteristics. HRs were estimated on the full outcome period and separately for pre- and post-lockdown periods.

resultsIn age-adjusted models, people from all ethnic-minority groups were at elevated risk of COVID-19 mortality; the HRs for Black males and females were 3.13 (95% confidence interval: 2.93 to 3.34) and 2.40 (2.20 to 2.61), respectively. However, in fully adjusted models for females, the HRs were close to unity for all ethnic groups except Black [1.29 (1.18 to 1.42)]. For males, the mortality risk remained elevated for the Black [1.76 (1.63 to 1.90)], Bangladeshi/Pakistani [1.35 (1.21 to 1.49)] and Indian [1.30 (1.19 to 1.43)] groups. The HRs decreased after lockdown for all ethnic groups, particularly Black and Bangladeshi/Pakistani females.

conclusionDifferences in COVID-19 mortality between ethnic groups were largely attenuated by geographical and socio-demographic factors, though some residual differences remained. Lockdown was associated with reductions in excess mortality risk in ethnic-minority populations, which has implications for a second wave of infection.

Indexed as

CensusesDeath CertificatesSocial Determinants of HealthAdolescentAdultAge FactorsAsian PeopleBlack or African AmericanCohort StudiesCOVID-19EnglandEthnicityFamily CharacteristicsFemaleHumansMaleBAMEcensuscoronavirusCOVID-19ethnicitymortalitysocial determinants of health

Identifiers

PMID33349855
PMCPMC7799112

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.