ReviewFrontiers in sports and active living2020
Gaze Behavior of Referees in Sport-A Review.
Review in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A comparison of perceptual-cognitive skills in expert and non-expert sports officials: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Ergonomic Solutions for Referee Mistakes: A Visual Assessment of the Environment in Boxing Competitions.Perceptual and motor skills · 2026Article
- From Concept to Perception: Equestrian Definitions of Harmony and Visual Attention in Horse-Rider Evaluation.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Visual search behavior and decision-making in expert and less-experienced football referees across different foul situations: an eye-tracking study.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Cognitive processing characteristics of the advantage of assistant referee offside decision-making: evidence from eye movements and ERPs.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Penalty kick or not? Differences in the interpretation of handball incidents in professional association football.PloS one · 2026Article
- Research on the impact of official type and officiating expertise on visual tracking performance: based on the multiple identity tracking task.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Gaze behavior and decision-making among handball referees: exploring gender and expertise differences.PeerJ · 2025Article
- Research on the visual search behavior and decision-making ability of basketball referees.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- In the Eye of the Beholder-Visual Search Behavior in Equestrian Dressage Judges.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Dynamic Visual Acuity, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex, and Visual Field in National Football League (NFL) Officiating: Physiology and Visualization Engineering for 3D Virtual On-Field Training.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Reliability agreement in foul and penalty judgements between officials in the Swedish hockey league.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Action Quality Assessment Model Using Specialists' Gaze Location and Kinematics Data-Focusing on Evaluating Figure Skating Jumps.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Teamwork and Decision Making among Basketball Referees: The 3PO Principle, Refereeing Level, and Experience.Journal of human kinetics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to examine the literature on gaze behavior in referees. A literature search found only 12 relevant studies. Five of those studies were conducted on referees in association football (soccer), three on judges in gymnastics, one on softball umpires, and one each on referees in team handball, rugby, and ice hockey. Seven studies reported differences in gaze behavior between referees of a higher skill level and those of a lower skill level, while four studies found no differences. In addition, five studies reported differences between referees of different skill levels in both gaze behavior and performance, while four studies found differences in performance only. A number of methodological concerns arise from the current review. Among them are the lack of studies conducted in ecologically valid conditions, the lack of studies on peripheral vision, and the lack of data on referees who are working together as teams. Based on this review, we conclude that additional research is needed to clarify the relationships between gaze behavior and performance in refereeing. Practitioners who work with referees should be cautious when adopting gaze training strategies to improve selective attention, since the data on their effectiveness are scarce and sometimes contradictory.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.