ReviewFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2020
A Highlight of the Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Blocker Resistance.
Review in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment strategies for locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma based on molecular profiles: A Review.Histology and histopathology · 2026Review
- Prognostic impact of sarcopenia and blood biomarkers in advanced non-small cell lung cancer on first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Mechanisms and intervention strategies of microenvironment-mediated drug resistance in multiple myeloma.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Analysis of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Serum Concentrations in Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma: A Preliminary Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Targeting GABA signaling in the tumor microenvironment: implications for immune cell regulation and immunotherapy resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Pan‑cancer analysis on the role of KMT2C expression in tumor progression and immunotherapy.Oncology letters · 2024Article
- Glycosylation Targeting: A Paradigm Shift in Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of biological sciences · 2024Review
- The role of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and tumor metabolism.Seminars in immunopathology · 2023Review
- Disrupting cancer angiogenesis and immune checkpoint networks for improved tumor immunity.Seminars in cancer biology · 2022Review
- Review
- Mechanisms of Immunotherapy Resistance in Cutaneous Melanoma: Recognizing a Shapeshifter.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy.SAGE open medicine · 2022Review
- Advances in Targeting Cutaneous Melanoma.Cancers · 2021Review
- Beyond PD-1: The Next Frontier for Immunotherapy in Melanoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- What Happens to the Immune Microenvironment After PD-1 Inhibitor Therapy?Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years, as our understanding of tumor immunology is continuously improved, immunotherapy has come to the center stage of cancer therapy and is deemed as the most promising approach for cancer control. Although immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), has achieved a milestone in several types of tumors, the majority of cancer patients do not benefit from immunotherapy. The dismal outcome of cancer immunotherapy is mainly due to primary or acquired resistance arising from tumor immune evasion. Exploring the mechanisms of tumor immune evasion in the course of immunotherapy may identify biological targets to conquer tumor resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors that may underlie tumor resistance to immune checkpoint blockers. Targeting these factors in combination with immune checkpoint blockers points to the future direction of cancer immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.