ArticleAddictive behaviors2021
Identifying message content to reduce vaping: Results from online message testing trials in young adult tobacco users.
Article in Addictive behaviors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health Messaging Strategies for Vaping Prevention and Cessation Among Youth and Young Adults: A Systematic Review.Health communication · 2025Pooled it
- Can Extant Vaping Prevention Message Experiments Tell Us Something About What Works? A Response to O'Keefe.Health communication · 2023Pooled it
- Tailoring e-Cigarette Health Messages by Vaping Status: How Source and Message Presentation Type Shape Young Adults' Perceptions.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- The role of mood in shaping reactions to smoking cessation messages among adults who smoke: a multimodal investigation.BMC public health · 2024Trial
- Effects of Vaping Prevention Messages on Electronic Vapor Product Beliefs, Perceived Harms, and Behavioral Intentions among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Responses to e-cigarette health messages among young adult sexual minoritized women and nonbinary people assigned female at birth: Assessing the influence of message theme and format.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- Optimizing Images for an E-Cigarette Messaging Campaign: Liking and Perceived Effectiveness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Developing Tobacco Risk Communications for Young Adults Susceptible to Dual Use of Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Vapes: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Characterizing the Objective Features of Vaping Prevention Video Ads: A Content Analysis.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- The effectiveness of anti-vaping health communication campaigns among high school and college students in the U.S.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Effect of a State-Level Vaping Prevention Campaign on Beliefs and Behaviors in Young People.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Identifying promising themes and messages for youth vaping prevention: A national study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Managing a policy paradox? Responses to textual warning labels on E-cigarette advertisements among U.S. national samples of youth overall and adults who smoke or vape.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Examining indirect effects of advertising exposure on young adults' cannabis and nicotine vaping.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2023Article
- Perceptions about levels of harmful chemicals in e-cigarettes relative to cigarettes, and associations with relative e-cigarette harm perceptions, e-cigarette use and interest.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Article
- Perceived effectiveness of objective elements of vaping prevention messages among adolescents.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- E-cigarettes: A continuing public health challenge in India despite comprehensive bans.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Latent Classes of Perceived Addictiveness Predict Marijuana, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use in Youth and Young Adults.Substance use & misuse · 2023Article
- Associations between perceived source credibility, e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette ad perceptions.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- Exploring Definitions of "Addiction" in Adolescents and Young Adults and Correlation with Substance Use Behaviors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionYoung adults' e-cigarette use is associated with perceptions that e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than cigarettes, socially acceptable, and appealing. This study developed and tested vaping educational messages addressing these factors: 1) Harm Perceptions, 2) Addictiveness, 3) Social Use, and 4) Flavors.
methodsTwo message trials were conducted in U.S. Amazon Mechanical Turk workers aged 18-24 using a 2 (content: addiction, harm) × 3 (theme: alone, + flavors, + social) design with multiple messages in each of the six categories. Participants were assigned to view a random subset of messages and report on likeability and perceived message effectiveness (PME). Phase 1 (n = 200) tested 33 messages and 32 images. Phase 2 (n = 769) tested combinations of Phase 1's 24 most effective messages with 6 images rated most likeable or effective. Linear mixed effects models assessed the effect of content, theme, image, and their interactions on message response.
resultsIn both trials, most participants were past 30-day tobacco users. Harm content messages produced higher PME ratings than addiction content messages, and flavor theme messages were correlated with higher likeability scores than "content alone" theme messages. In Phase 2, flavor and social message themes decreased the PME of harm messages. There was no effect of images on either outcome controlling for the independent or interaction effects of content, theme, and image.
conclusionsMessages conveying the harms of vaping may be best for reducing vaping in young adult tobacco users; flavor and social themes may diminish their effectiveness.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.