ReviewNature reviews. Rheumatology2021
Toll-like receptor signalling in B cells during systemic lupus erythematosus.
Review in Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 196 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
196 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 299 citations in OpenAlex.
- The extra X chromosome and autoimmune susceptibility in Klinefelter syndrome.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Obesity as a Risk Factor for Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Synergies between radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a systematic review from mechanism to clinical application.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- TIR domain proteins: regulatory mechanisms in the tumor immune microenvironment, clinical translation strategies, and prospects for precision therapy applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Enpatoran, a first-in-class, selective, orally administered toll-like receptor 7/8 inhibitor, in systemic and cutaneous lupus erythematosus: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled phase Ib study.Lupus science & medicine · 2025Trial
- Enpatoran in COVID-19 pneumonia: Safety and efficacy results from a phase II randomized trial.Clinical and translational science · 2023Trial
- First-in-Human Study of the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of MHV370, a Dual Inhibitor of Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8, in Healthy Adults.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2023Trial
- Xuebijing alleviates septic myocardial injury by inhibiting ferroptosis mediated by the ICAM1/TLR signaling pathway.Histology and histopathology · 2026Article
- TLR7 in systemic lupus erythematosus: genetics and emerging therapies.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Review
- Application of BCMA CAR-T in systemic lupus erythematosus.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Type I interferon-dependent and -independent signaling underlie autoantibody production in a murine lupus model.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Article
- Belimumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From B-Cell Biology to Disease Modification.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Jieduquyuziyin prescription for systemic lupus erythematosus: a system-level therapeutic strategy for immunological recalibration.Chinese medicine · 2026Review
- Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Identifying New Advances in Immunological Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Anti-dsDNA Antibodies in Laboratory Practice: Management of Different Analytical Methods and Correlation with HEp-2 Immunofluorescence Patterns.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The emerging role of TLR7-mediated signaling in respiratory viral infections and autoimmune diseases.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Upregulated ZBP1 Is Associated with B-Cell Dysregulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms for direct sensing of virus-like antigens by B cells.International immunology · 2026Review
- IFNγ-induced IRF1 synergizes with TLR7 signals to tune the IRF4-IRF8 axis and drive pathogenic effector B cell fate.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
136 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
B lymphocytes have a central role in autoimmune diseases, which are often defined by specific autoantibody patterns and feature a loss of B cell tolerance. A prototypic disease associated with B cell hyperactivity is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In patients with SLE, the loss of B cell tolerance to autoantigens is controlled in a cell-intrinsic manner by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which sense nucleic acids in endosomes. TLR7 drives the extrafollicular B cell response and the germinal centre reaction that are involved in autoantibody production and disease pathogenesis. Surprisingly, TLR9 seems to protect against SLE, even though it is required for the production of autoantibodies recognizing double-stranded DNA-associated antigens, which are abundant in SLE and are a hallmark of this disease. The protective function of TLR9 is at least partly mediated by its capacity to limit the stimulatory activity of TLR7. The roles of TLR7 and TLR9 in the effector function of B cells in lupus-like disease and in patients with SLE, and the unique features of TLR signalling in B cells, suggest that targeting TLR signalling in SLE might be therapeutically beneficial.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.