Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33337480›Full record

ReviewInternational immunology2021

IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer.

Toshio Hirano

Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in International immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 794 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
794citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
43.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

794 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,349 citations in OpenAlex.

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734 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.

Toshio HiranoNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

IL-6 is involved both in immune responses and in inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and embryonic development. IL-6 plays roles in chronic inflammation (closely related to chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer) and even in the cytokine storm of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Acute inflammation during the immune response and wound healing is a well-controlled response, whereas chronic inflammation and the cytokine storm are uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Non-immune and immune cells, cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play central roles in inflammation. Synergistic interactions between NF-κB and STAT3 induce the hyper-activation of NF-κB followed by the production of various inflammatory cytokines. Because IL-6 is an NF-κB target, simultaneous activation of NF-κB and STAT3 in non-immune cells triggers a positive feedback loop of NF-κB activation by the IL-6-STAT3 axis. This positive feedback loop is called the IL-6 amplifier (IL-6 Amp) and is a key player in the local initiation model, which states that local initiators, such as senescence, obesity, stressors, infection, injury and smoking, trigger diseases by promoting interactions between non-immune cells and immune cells. This model counters dogma that holds that autoimmunity and oncogenesis are triggered by the breakdown of tissue-specific immune tolerance and oncogenic mutations, respectively. The IL-6 Amp is activated by a variety of local initiators, demonstrating that the IL-6-STAT3 axis is a critical target for treating diseases.

Indexed as

AnimalsAutoimmunityCOVID-19COVID-19 Drug TreatmentHumansInflammationInterleukin-6NeoplasmsSTAT3 Transcription FactorInterleukin-6STAT3 Transcription Factorcytokine storm of COVID-19IL-6 amplifierlocal initiation modelNF-κBSTAT3

Identifiers

PMID33337480
PMCPMC7799025
OpenAlexW3112344668

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.