ReviewThe journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease2021
The Effect of Baseline Performance and Age on Cognitive Training Improvements in Older Adults: A Qualitative Review.
Review in The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimizing Cognitive and Physical Gains in Older Adults: Benefits of a Psychomotor Intervention Program Based on Functional Level.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Trial
- Long-term cognitive training enhances fluid cognition and brain connectivity in individuals with MCI.Translational psychiatry · 2024Trial
- Positive affect disrupts neurodegeneration effects on cognitive training plasticity in older adults.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2024Trial
- How musical rhythm training improves short-term memory for faces.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Trial
- Cognitive-motor multitasking in older adults: a randomized controlled study on the effects of individual differences on training success.BMC geriatrics · 2022Trial
- Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): A tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial.Brain stimulationTrial
- Resting state brain activity and association with transfer of cognitive training gains.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Article
- Income, diet, and cognitive function: observational analyses and candidate metabolomic pathways identified by Mendelian randomization.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Observational
- Cognitive network plasticity across divergent aging trajectories: an exploratory graph-theoretic study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- The Role of Inhibitory Control in Moderating Working Memory Training Transfer: Evidence from a Preregistered Trial with Older Adults.Research square · 2026Article
- Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Older Adults' Responsiveness to Cognitive Training Interventions: Data from the ACTIVE Study.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
- Article
- Toward Personalized Cognitive Training in Older Adults: A Pilot Investigation of the Effects of Baseline Performance and Age on Cognitive Training Outcomes.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Article
- Long-term effects of repeated multitarget high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive training on response inhibition gains.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Event-Related Potentials as Markers of Efficacy for Combined Working Memory Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Regimens: A Proof-of-Concept Study.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2022Article
- Working Memory Training Coupled With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Experiment.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Mindfulness-Based Finger Exercise for Health and Well-Being: Theory, Evidence, and Implications.Global advances in integrative medicine and healthArticle
- Impact of an 18-month non-native language intervention on episodic memory and the underlying neural mechanisms in cognitively unimpaired older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Findings that the brain is capable of plasticity up until old age have led to interest in the use of cognitive training as a potential intervention to delay the onset of dementia. However, individuals participating in training regimens differ greatly with respect to their outcomes, demonstrating the importance of considering individual differences, in particular age and baseline performance in a cognitive domain, when evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive training. In this review, we summarize existing literature on cognitive training in adults across the domains of episodic memory, working memory and the task-switching component of executive functioning to clarify the picture on the impact of age and baseline performance on cognitive training-related improvements. Studies targeting episodic memory induced greater improvements in younger adults with more intact cognitive abilities, explained in part by factors specific to episodic memory training. By contrast, older, lower baseline performance adults improved most in several studies targeting working memory in older individuals as well as in the majority of studies targeting executive functioning, suggesting the preservation of neural plasticity in these domains until very old age. Our findings can have important implications for informing the design of future interventions for enhancing cognitive functions in individuals at the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's Disease and potentially delaying the clinical onset of Alzheimer's Disease. Future research should more clearly stratify individuals according to their baseline cognitive abilities and assign specialized, skill-specific cognitive training regimens in order to directly answer the question of how individual differences impact training effectiveness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.