ArticleDiabetes care2021
Association of Baseline Characteristics With Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) Study Cohort.
2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Diabetes care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT01794143. Cited by 18 papers.
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18citing papers in PubMed
1.3field-weighted citation impact, top 20% of its field
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study
PMID 38285957PMID 37213109PMID 38194519PMID 38416773PMID 39998948PMID 38227900PMID 40388190PMID 38190625PMID 38190619PMID 38211595PMID 32139384PMID 23690531other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graphNCT07325435 phase4active not recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation
Beta Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes in Black Patients: Differential Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLIP-Receptor Agonists
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- An oral, liver-restricted LXR inverse agonist for dyslipidemia: preclinical development and phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Longitudinal Effects of Glucose-Lowering Medications on β-Cell Responses and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes: The GRADE Randomized Clinical Trial.Diabetes care · 2024 · on this mapTrial
- Racial differences in measures of glycemia in the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Trial
- Association between the cardiometabolic index and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetes and prediabetes.Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy · 2025Article
- Equitable Management of Type 2 Diabetes in American Indian and Alaska Native Adults.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Association between cardiometabolic index and cardiovascular disease: evidence From the NHANES 2007-2018.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Interaction between the GCKR rs1260326 variant and serum HDL cholesterol contributes to HOMA-β and ISIJournal of human genetics · 2023Article
- Glycemic and metabolic sub-classification of prediabetes and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the D2d cohort.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2023Article
- BMI, insulin sensitivity, and cognition in early type 2 diabetes: The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023 · on this mapArticle
- Reflections on the state of diabetes research and prospects for treatment.Diabetology international · 2023Review
- Association of Time in Range with Endothelial Injury in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Exenatide.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2022Article
- Clinical and Metabolic Characterization of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes by Age in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) Cohort.Diabetes care · 2022 · on this mapArticle
- Exploring the determinants of ethnic differences in insulin clearance between men of Black African and White European ethnicity.Acta diabetologica · 2022Article
- Differences in complications, cardiovascular risk factor, and diabetes management among participants enrolled at veterans affairs (VA) and non-VA medical centers in the glycemia reduction approaches in diabetes: A comparative effectiveness study (GRADE).Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2022 · on this mapArticle
- Distance to Health Care Facilities, Lifestyle Risk Factors, and Stage at Diagnosis in relation to Geographic Pattern of Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania, 2006-2016.Journal of cancer epidemiology · 2022Article
- Associations of the Cardiometabolic Index with the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Hypertension and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Results of a Longitudinal Cohort Study.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Article
- Pseudotime Ordering Single-Cell Transcriptomic of β Cells Pancreatic Islets in Health and Type 2 Diabetes.Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.
Neda RasouliDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO grademail@bsc.gwu.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-1269-3580
Naji YounesThe Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.
Kristina M UtzschneiderDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA.ORCID 0000-0002-4924-196X
Silvio E InzucchiYale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.ORCID 0000-0003-1254-6636
Ashok BalasubramanyamDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.ORCID 0000-0003-2093-5201
Andrea L CherringtonDepartment of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
Faramarz Ismail-BeigiDepartment of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.ORCID 0000-0002-1154-5482
Robert M CohenDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
Darin E OlsonAtlanta VA Health Care System and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
Ralph A DeFronzoUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.ORCID 0000-0002-8581-6273
William H HermanDepartments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.ORCID 0000-0002-0502-674X
John M LachinThe Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.ORCID 0000-0001-9838-2841
Steven E KahnDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA.ORCID 0000-0001-7307-9002
GRADE Research Group
University of Washington · USMilken Institute · USUniversity of Michigan · USUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham · USBaylor College of Medicine · USCincinnati VA Medical Center · USEmory University · USLouis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center · USThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio · USVA Eastern Colorado Health Care System · USYale University · US
Funding
Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A comparative effectiveness studyU01DK098246 · NIDDK · GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI KRAUSE-STEINRAUF, HEIDI, LACHIN, JOHN M · 2012 to 2022
$238.9MVanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR) -Identifying correlates of functional immunity in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasmaUL1TR002243 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Paul A. Harris, Wesley H Self · 2017 to 2026
$130.7MWU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8MImplementing a Maternal health and PRegnancy Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE)UL1TR002378 · NCATS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Andres J Garcia, Elizabeth O. Ofili · 2017 to 2026
$92.1MTracking & Evaluation CoreU54GM104940 · NIGMS · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · PI Peter Todd Katzmarzyk · 2012 to 2026
$69.1MNIH Prior Approval Process ProfessionalUL1TR002535 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI SOKOL, RONALD J. · 2018 to 2022
$51.1MClinical and Translational Science Collaborative of ClevelandUL1TR000439 · NCATS · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI KONSTAN, MICHAEL W. · 2012 to 2016
$50.0MRe-Entry Supplement: Investigation of Oral Microbial Enzymes for the Detection and Treatment of Periodontal DiseaseUL1TR002489 · NCATS · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BUSE, JOHN BERNARD, SHAHEEN, NICHOLAS J · 2018 to 2022
$48.6MYale Diabetes Research CenterP30DK045735 · NIDDK · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI GERALD I SHULMAN · 1993 to 2026
$44.0MVector and Transgenic Mouse CoreP30DK017047 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Sakeneh Zraika · 1986 to 2026
$41.4MThe Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR)UL1TR000445 · NCATS · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BERNARD, GORDON RAPHAEL · 2012 to 2016
$41.4MMaternal Morbidity and Mortality: Risk Factors, Early Detection and Personalized InterventionUL1TR001409 · NCATS · GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY · PI GONDRE-LEWIS, MARJORIE C, MELLMAN, THOMAS A · 2015 to 2024
$37.8MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000439NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000445NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001108NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001409NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001449NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002243NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002378NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002489NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002529NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002537NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002548NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK017047NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020541NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020572NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK045735NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK072476NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK079626NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK092926NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK124723NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK098246NIDDK NIH HHS U34 DK088043NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104940
Abstract
objectiveWe investigated sex and racial differences in insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 3,108 GRADE (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study) participants. All had type 2 diabetes diagnosed <10 years earlier and were on metformin monotherapy. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were evaluated using the HOMA of insulin sensitivity and estimates from oral glucose tolerance tests, including the Matsuda Index, insulinogenic index, C-peptide index, and oral disposition index (DI).
resultsThe cohort was 56.6 ± 10 years of age (mean ± SD), 63.8% male, with BMI 34.2 ± 6.7 kg/m
conclusionsIn the GRADE cohort, β-cell function differed by sex and race and was associated with the concurrent level of HbA
Indexed as
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Insulin ResistanceBlood GlucoseChildChild, PreschoolC-PeptideCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansInfantInsulinMaleBlood GlucoseC-PeptideInsulin
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Registered trials
NCT01794143ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07325435ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.