ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
TGF-β Serum Levels in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients and the Role of Anti-VEGF Therapy.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review on biomarker potential of vitreous microRNA in retinal disease.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy in Wistar Rats Induced by Streptozotocin: A Window into Retinal Disease Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Retinopathy: Advances in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors and implication in diabetic retinopathy as pharmacological tools.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- miR-106a-5p targets CREB1 to regulate the inflammatory response in diabetic retinopathy.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Inflammatory Plasma Proteins in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- α1D Adrenergic Receptor Antagonism Protects Against High Glucose-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Blood Retinal Barrier Breakdown in ARPE-19 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in diabetes and complications: mechanistic insights and translational prospects.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Ameliorative effect and potential mechanism of hyperoside on diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Unexpected and Synergistical Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid and TGF-β2 on Biological Aspects of 2D and 3D Cultured ARPE19 Cells.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- TGF-β Isoforms and Local Environments Greatly Modulate Biological Nature of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Inflammation in diabetes complications: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.MedComm · 2024Review
- TGF-β Signaling Pathways in the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Correlation Between Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
- Coenzyme Q10 eyedrops conjugated with vitamin E TPGS alleviate neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction in the diabetic mouse retina.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Advances and Perspectives in Relation to the Molecular Basis of Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Ocular Vascular Diseases: From Retinal Immune Privilege to Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The ideal treatment timing for diabetic retinopathy: the molecular pathological mechanisms underlying early-stage diabetic retinopathy are a matter of concern.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), particularly in the late phase of disease. The aim of the present study was to validate serum TGFβ1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of DR stages. Thirty-eight subjects were enrolled and, after diagnosis and evaluation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, were assigned to six groups: (1) healthy age-matched control, (2) diabetic without DR, (3) non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) naïve to treatment, (4) NPDR treated with intravitreal (IVT) aflibercept, (5) proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) naïve to treatment and (6) PDR treated with IVT aflibercept. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), placental growth factor (PlGF) and TGFβ1 were measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Foveal macular thickness (FMT) in enrolled subjects was evaluated by means of structural-optical coherence tomography (S-OCT). VEGF-A serum levels decreased in NPDR and PDR patients treated with aflibercept, compared to naïve DR patients. PlGF serum levels were modulated only in aflibercept-treated NPDR patients. Particularly, TGFβ1 serum levels were predictive of disease progression from NPDR to PDR. A Multivariate ANOVA analysis (M-ANOVA) was also carried out to assess the effects of fixed factors on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, TGFβ1, and diabetes duration. In conclusion, our data have strengthened the hypothesis that TGFβ1 would be a biomarker and pharmacological target of diabetic retinopathy.
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Registered trials
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