ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2021
Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Longitudinal patterns of fentanyl utilisation (medical versus illicit sources) in the United States 2015-2023: a retrospective cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Analytical performance and visual evaluation of fentanyl and xylazine test strips.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Fentanyl, Amphetamine-type Stimulants, Heroin, and xylazine in drug residues in two Northern border Mexican cities.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Review
- What's in the Powder? Evaluating Fentanyl Test Strip Sensitivity to Common Household Items in Chemical Emergency Response Scenarios.Journal of chemical health & safety · 2025Article
- Association of fentanyl test strip results and change in drug use behaviors: A multi-state, community-based observational study.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Observational
- Modern Methods for Detection of Fentanyl and Its Analogues: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies and Applications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Highlighting variability in fentanyl test strip instructions using thematic content analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Detection of benzodiazepines in the unregulated drug supply using point of care and confirmatory drug checking technologies: A validation study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Characteristics of take-home fentanyl test strip use and support for drug checking services among people who use heroin in Australia: learnings for an increasingly complex drug market.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- An investigation of drug use among first-time arrestees from 25 county jails across the United States in 2023.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Detection of Illegally Manufactured Fentanyls and Carfentanil in Drug Overdose Deaths - United States, 2021-2024.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2024Article
- Beyond Fentanyl Test Strips: Investigating Other Urine Drug Test Strips for Drug Checking Applications.Forensic chemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2024Article
- Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Fentanyl and Its Analogs by a Novel Chemiluminescence Immunoassay.Clinical chemistry · 2024Article
- Intentional and Unintentional Fentanyl Use Among a Cohort of Sexual and Gender Minorities Assigned Male at Birth in Chicago.International journal of mental health and addiction · 2024Article
- Beyond a spec: assessing heterogeneity in the unregulated opioid supply.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Testing the test strips: laboratory performance of fentanyl test strips.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Quantification of Fentanyl and Norfentanyl in Whole Blood Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUrine fentanyl test strips have been employed to check street drugs for fentanyl and fentanyl analogue contamination, but there is limited evidence for the applicability of fentanyl strips for this purpose. We examined the ability of four commercially-available fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl and a range of fentanyl analogues currently on the recreational drug market.
methodsFour brands of fentanyl test strips (Rapid Response, One Step, Nal van Minden, and Rapid Self Test) were examined using single-component drug solutions containing fentanyl, 28 fentanyl analogues, four non-fentanyl synthetic opioids, or eight traditional drugs of abuse. The effect of co-presence of heroin or ascorbic acid on test results was also examined.
resultsAll test strips detected fentanyl as well as 21-24 of the 28 fentanyl analogues tested. One of the test strip brands gave false positive results in the presence of ascorbic acid.
conclusionsFentanyl test strips successfully detected the majority of fentanyl analogues tested. Drug solutions for testing should not be overly dilute, since the test results are highly concentration dependent. Fentanyl test strips have utility as a harm reduction tool, but they are no panacea for overdose since certain fentanyl analogues are not detected.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.