ArticleFrontiers in physiology2020
Flavorless vs. Flavored Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and E-Liquid on the Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of electronic smoking on dental caries and proinflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Preliminary species-dependent growth responses of selected oral bacteria to e-cigarette Liquids and aerosol extracts: a single-species in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Influence of E-Liquids and Oral Commensal Bacteria on the Growth ofDentistry journal · 2026Article
- E-cigarette liquids alter the biogenesis and properties ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- E-Cigarette effects on oral health: A molecular perspective.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2025Review
- Pathophysiological Responses of Oral Keratinocytes After Exposure to Flavored E-Cigarette Liquids.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Tobacco-enhanced biofilm formation by Porphyromonas gingivalis and other oral microbes.Molecular oral microbiology · 2024Review
- Effects of E-Liquids and Their Aerosols on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Cinnamon and Menthol Flavors.Dentistry journal · 2024Article
- E-Cigarette Aerosol Condensate Leads to Impaired Coronary Endothelial Cell Health and Restricted Angiogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Public Perceptions of Flavored Waterpipe Smoking on Twitter.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- The Role of Electronic Cigarettes in Dental Caries: A Scoping Review.Scientifica · 2023Article
- Mechanistic Effects of E-Liquids on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Flavoring Agents.Dentistry journal · 2022Article
- E-Cigarette Aerosol Exposure Favors the Growth and Colonization of Oral Streptococcus mutans Compared to Commensal Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionElectronic cigarette (ECIG) use or vaping has become popular globally. While the question "Is vaping safer than smoking?" continues, it is becoming clearer that one of the most dangerous components of E-liquids are the flavorings. Since the oral cavity is the first anatomical site to be assaulted by ECIG aerosol, the aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that flavored ECIG aerosols or E-liquids pose a more detrimental effect on the growth of commensal oral streptococcal bacteria compared to flavorless aerosols or E-liquids.
methodsKirby Bauer assays and 24-h planktonic growth curves were used to compare the effects of flavorless vs. flavored (tobacco, menthol, cinnamon, strawberry and blueberry) ECIG-generated aerosols and E-liquids on the growth of four common strains of oral commensal bacteria (
resultsKirby Bauer assays revealed inhibition of growth for all bacteria tested when exposed to 100% menthol, cinnamon or strawberry flavors. In contrast, 5% flavor in E-liquid had no effect. When exposed to 100 puffs of ECIG-generated aerosol ± flavors (≈ 0.05% flavor in brain heart infusion media) or an equivalent amount of E-liquid ± flavors, twenty-four hour planktonic growth curves indicated no effect on growth for all streptococci tested. Subsequent twenty-four hour planktonic growth curves testing the effects of E-liquid ± flavors (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.3125, 0.625, and 1.25% flavor in brain heart infusion media) revealed dose-dependent inhibition of growth, particularly for menthol, cinnamon and strawberry), for all bacteria tested.
conclusionThese results support the hypothesis that flavored E-liquids are more detrimental to the growth of oral commensal bacteria than unflavored E-liquids. The streptococci tested in this study are early colonizers and part of the foundation of oral biofilms and dental plaque. Disturbances in the composition and growth of these primary colonizers is crucial to the development of a healthy dental plaque and host-bacteria interactions. E-liquids and their aerosols containing flavoring agents alter the growth of these bacteria. Such perturbations of pioneering oral communities pose a potential risk to the health of the oral cavity and, ultimately, health in general.
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Registered trials
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