ArticleMedicine2020
Association between time spent outdoors and myopia among junior high school students: A 3-wave panel study in China.
Article in Medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between sleep and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Pooled it
- Objective Biomarkers of Outdoor Activity (Vitamin D and CUVAF) in Young Adults with Myopia During and After the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Predicting onset of myopic refractive error in children using machine learning on routine pediatric eye examinations only.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Review
- The health benefits of bicycling to school among adolescents in China: A propensity score matching study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Screen time and myopia: A serial multiple mediator SEM analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2022Article
- Open schools! Weighing the effects of viruses and lockdowns on children.Trends in neuroscience and education · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the recent incidence rate of myopia in Chinese junior high school students and analyze the effect of time spent outdoors on myopia, in addition to facilitating the prevention and control of myopia among students.This study was derived from a national panel study, the China Education Panel Survey. We conducted three rounds of follow-up visits among 10,279 seventh grade students from 112 middle schools in 20 provinces in 2013. In total, 3571 students were selected for the analysis in 2020 by excluding those lost to follow-up and students who were myopic in the first round. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of myopia and the effect of time outdoors on myopia. The baseline characteristics of the included students were described, and the correlation between time spent outdoors and myopia in the three rounds of data was analyzed by a correlation chi-square test. Then, the generalized estimation equation (GEE) was used to estimate the influence of time spent outdoors on myopia after follow-up.There were 3571 students with normal baseline vision, and 1508 (42.23%) students progressed from having a normal vision to myopia in the third round, of whom 706 (46.82%) were male and 802 (53.18%) were female. The results of the chi-square test showed that the time spent outdoors of all students and girls, specifically, was related to myopia (P < .05). Next, the GEE was used to analyze the influence of time spent outdoors on myopia after follow-up. After two model adjustments (individual and family-related characteristics of students), students with < 7 hours/week time spent outdoors retained a high myopia rate than ≥14 hours/week (OR = 1.250; 95% CI: 1.070-1.460). Among boys, there was no statistical correlation between time spent outdoors and myopia (P > .05). For girls, compared with students who spent ≥14 hours/week outdoors, students with <7 hours/week spent outdoors retained a higher myopia rate (OR = 1.355; 95%CI: 1.067-1.720).Increased time spent outdoors can delay the development of myopia. In terms of gender, girls should be targeted to more effectively prevent and control the development and progression of myopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.