ReviewImmunity2020
Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity.
Review in Immunity, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 328 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
328 citing papers in PubMed.
- Could β-glucans enhance the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine by inducing trained immunity and boosting neutralizing antibody production?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- An intranasal adjuvanted, recombinant influenza A/H5 vaccine primes against diverse H5N1 clades: a phase I trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Trivalent recombinant protein vaccine induces cross-neutralization against XBB lineage and JN.1 subvariants: preclinical and phase 1 clinical trials.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Epigenetic regulation of humoral immunity: molecular mechanisms, diseases and therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Viral subversion of B-cell tolerance: mechanisms linking infection to autoimmunity.EMBO reports · 2026Review
- Disease modification in lupus nephritis: towards a pathophysiology-based treatment paradigm.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Metabolic determinants of autoimmune kidney diseases.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- A targeted metabolic intervention via exercise applied after vaccination shapes kinetics and durability of serum antibody accompanied by a distinct immunometabolic signature: pilot study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Article
- B Lymphocytes in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: From Autoimmune Activation to Immunometabolic Heterogeneity and Precision Therapeutic Perspectives.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Review
- Pulsed Electric Field Ablation Reprograms Tumor Immunity and Stimulates Germinal Center Formation in Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Article
- Evolution of self-reactive B cells: lessons from a lupus model.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Ptpn2 limits plasma cell fate and antiviral immunity by integrating B cell receptor and IFN-γ signals in B cells.Science advances · 2026Article
- A tonsil organoid model reveals Epstein-Barr virus-infected germinal center B cell states during primary infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Spatial and functional specialization of human splenic innate lymphoid cells.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A cholinergic checkpoint controls autoantibody selection via somatic hypermutation in lupus germinal centers.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- The Developmental and Functional Implications of Age-Associated B Cells (ABCs) Across Tissue Microenvironments.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Memory B Cell Identity and Function.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Human primary antibody response to vaccination follows a partially sequential class-switching program with a checkpoint at IGHG2.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Germinal center-independent memory B cells provide rapid protection from lethal influenza challenges.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
268 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.