ArticlePhysiology (Bethesda, Md.)2021
Time of Day and Muscle Strength: A Circadian Output?
Article in Physiology (Bethesda, Md.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic Adaptations to Morning Versus Afternoon Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- Circadian phenotype is associated with diurnal variation in human exercise performance.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Effects of Daily Rhythm-Aligned Training on Skeletal Muscle Adaptation in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Trial
- Effects of Sleepwear Incorporating a DPV576 Functional Polyester Fabric on Wearable ECG-Derived Sleep Consolidation: A Randomized Two-Period Crossover Study Under Free-Living Conditions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Trial
- Resistance training tempo selectively modulates corticospinal and reticulospinal excitability in humans.The Journal of physiology · 2026Trial
- Determining the cortical, corticospinal, and reticulospinal responses to metronome-paced and self-paced strength training.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Acute caffeine intake improves muscular strength, power, and endurance performance, reversing the time-of-day effect regardless of muscle activation level in resistance-trained males: a randomized controlled trial.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Trial
- Longitudinal Assessment of Quantitative Metrics for Skeletal Muscle Health Using 3D Rotational Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging in the Vastus Lateralis.Ultrasound in medicine & biology · 2026Article
- Chrono-Exercise Medicine: Why Biological Timing Matters for Human Health.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Time-of-Day Effects on Postural Balance in Blind Children: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Exercise Timing in Sport: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms Linking Performance, Recovery, and Biological Cost.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Time-of-day, satellite cells, and velocity collectively influence ex vivo isovelocity force production in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Morning endurance training induces superior performance adaptations compared with afternoon training in mice.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- The Cardiac Circadian Clock Regulates Rhythms in Peripheral Tissues via Fibulin 5.Comprehensive physiology · 2026Article
- Impacts of exercise, renin-angiotensin system modulation or both on skeletal muscle circadian gene expression.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Menstrual cycle does not change sagittal plane segments coordination variability during deadlift, a nonlinear dynamical analysis approach.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Caffeine ingestion improves morning neuromuscular performance to evening levels in healthy females.PloS one · 2026Article
- Myostatin Exhibits an Evolutionarily Conserved Circadian Pattern in Skeletal Muscles.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Article
- Markers of mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle do not display intrinsic circadian regulation in female mice.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Self selected music during warm up improves anaerobic performance in female handball players across time of day.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
For more than 20 years, physiologists have observed a morning-to-evening increase in human muscle strength. Recent data suggest that time-of-day differences are the result of intrinsic, nonneural, muscle factors. We evaluate circadian clock data sets from human and mouse circadian studies and highlight possible mechanisms through which the muscle circadian clock may contribute to time-of-day muscle strength outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.