ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2021
The Effect of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Physical Health Outcomes: A 2-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Challenges in interpreting Mendelian randomization studies with a disease as the exposure: Using COVID-19 liability studies as an exemplar.European journal of human genetics : EJHG · 2025Pooled it
- Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review.Psychological medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Mapping genetic convergence across brain structure, mental health, and cardiometabolic disease.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Comorbidity of asthma and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood: causal, shared early-life risk factors, or shared genetic liability?International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Association between childhood ADHD problems and premature mortality: identifying modifiable cardiovascular mechanisms in a UK population cohort.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: evidence base, uncertainties and controversies.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- Article
- Childhood psychosocial adjustment and midlife obesity, diabetes and hypertension: prospective study from two birth cohorts.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2024Article
- The contribution of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder polygenic load to metabolic and cardiovascular health outcomes: a large-scale population and sibling study.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Mediating pathways between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from a two-step and multivariable Mendelian randomization study.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Article
- Psychosocial interventions for improving the physical health of young people and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Celiac disease and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Trajectory Analysis for Identifying Classes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children of the United States.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2024Article
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and subsequent cardiometabolic disorders in adults: investigating underlying mechanisms using a longitudinal twin study.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Psychiatric comorbidities in women with cardiometabolic conditions with and without ADHD: a population-based study.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder problems and mid-life cardiovascular risk: prospective population cohort study.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2023Article
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.JCPP advances · 2023Article
- Roles of obesity in mediating the causal effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on diabetes.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Article
- Mendelian randomization analysis for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: studying a broad range of exposures and outcomes.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of physical health problems. Using different research designs to test whether ADHD has a causal role in these associations is important because comorbid health problems increase the serious social and economic impacts of ADHD. We used 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to infer causal relationships between ADHD and previously implicated physical health conditions. Different MR methods were used to test the robustness and plausibility of our findings. Consistent findings underwent bidirectional and multivariable MR. We found evidence of ADHD having a causal effect on childhood obesity (odds ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.63) and coronary artery disease (odds ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.19) with consistent results across MR approaches. There was additional MR evidence for a bidirectional relationship between ADHD and childhood obesity. The relationship with coronary artery disease attenuated when controlling for childhood obesity. There was little evidence for inferring a causal effect on other cardiometabolic, autoimmune, allergic, and neurological diseases. Our findings strengthen the argument for effective treatment of children with ADHD, and suggest that clinicians who manage ADHD need to be aware of the risk of childhood obesity to reduce future risks of coronary artery disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.