ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2021
Estimating the Unknown: Greater Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Burden After Accounting for Missing Race and Ethnicity Data.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Representation in COVID-19 Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA internal medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Observational
- Statistical Accuracy of Administratively Recorded Race/Ethnicity in the Military Health System and Race/Ethnicity Ascertained via Questionnaire.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Understanding the Current Landscape of Health Disparities Research Among Youth With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.The Journal of rheumatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Evaluating the impact of discordant and missing demographic information on population health assessments using linked electronic health records and Census Bureau microdata.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- INTEGRATIVE ECOLOGICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF U.S. COUNTY AND STATE LEVEL COVID-19 DEATH DATA FOR STUDYING HEALTH DISPARITY ASSOCIATIONS.The annals of applied statistics · 2025Article
- Comparing Multiple Imputation Methods to Address Missing Patient Demographics in Immunization Information Systems: Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Cafe: Improved Federated Data Imputation by Leveraging Missing Data Heterogeneity.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering · 2025Article
- Timing of Infection as a Key Driver of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Mortality Rates During the Prevaccine Period.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater and population infection trends in Mexico City.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Narrowing the Digital Divide: Framework for Creating Telehealth Equity Dashboards.Interactive journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Incorporating Anti-racist Principles Throughout the Research Lifecycle: A Position Statement from the Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM).Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2 PCR cycle threshold value at admission might not be a good predictor of in-hospital COVID-19-associated AKI.Journal of general and family medicine · 2024Article
- Missing data and missed infections: investigating racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 testing and infection rates in Holyoke, Massachusetts.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalization at the Intersection of Race and Ethnicity and Income.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Assessing disparities through missing race and ethnicity data: results from a juvenile arthritis registry.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Misracialization of Indigenous people in population health and mortality studies: a scoping review to establish promising practices.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Article
- MODELING RACIAL/ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN COVID-19 INCIDENCE WITH COVARIATES SUBJECT TO NON-RANDOM MISSINGNESS.The annals of applied statistics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlack, Hispanic, and Indigenous persons in the United States have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death from COVID-19, due to persistent social inequities. However, the magnitude of the disparity is unclear because race/ethnicity information is often missing in surveillance data.
methodsWe quantified the burden of SARS-CoV-2 notification, hospitalization, and case fatality rates in an urban county by racial/ethnic group using combined race/ethnicity imputation and quantitative bias analysis for misclassification.
resultsThe ratio of the absolute racial/ethnic disparity in notification rates after bias adjustment, compared with the complete case analysis, increased 1.3-fold for persons classified Black and 1.6-fold for those classified Hispanic, in reference to classified White persons.
conclusionsThese results highlight that complete case analyses may underestimate absolute disparities in notification rates. Complete reporting of race/ethnicity information is necessary for health equity. When data are missing, quantitative bias analysis methods may improve estimates of racial/ethnic disparities in the COVID-19 burden.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.