ArticleNutrients2020
Choline Content of Term and Preterm Infant Formulae Compared to Expressed Breast Milk-How Do We Justify the Discrepancies?
Article in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Choline supplementation in preterm infants: effects of four different supplements on choline plasma concentrations.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Choline supplementation for preterm infants: metabolism of four Deuterium-labeled choline compounds.European journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Differential metabolism of choline supplements in adult volunteers.European journal of nutrition · 2022Trial
- Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Extremely Preterm Infants with Low Plasma Choline.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Depressive Symptoms Associated with Decreased Choline Intake in Lactating Mothers of Preterm Infants.Nutrients · 2026Article
- The role of choline in neurodevelopment.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Lipidomics Reveals Circulating Lipid Biomarkers for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Preterm Infants.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Parental diet and offspring health: a role for the gut microbiome via epigenetics.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Choline in Pediatric Nutrition: Assessing Formula, Fortifiers and Supplements Across Age Groups and Clinical Indications.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Effectiveness and mechanisms of combined use of antioxidant nutrients in protecting against oxidative stress-induced neuronal loss and related neurological deficits.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- Evidence and Perspectives for Choline Supplementation during Parenteral Nutrition-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Choline-An Underappreciated Component of a Mother-to-Be's Diet.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Article
- Human Milk and Preterm Infant Brain Development: A Narrative Review.Clinical therapeutics · 2022Review
- Choline Kinetics in Neonatal Liver, Brain and Lung-Lessons from a Rodent Model for Neonatal Care.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Enteral feeding advancement and growth until 5 years in extremely preterm infants.BMC pediatrics · 2021Observational
- Optimizing Early Neonatal Nutrition and Dietary Pattern in Premature Infants.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Choline/phosphatidylcholine concentrations are tightly regulated in all organs and secretions. During rapid organ growth in the third trimester, choline requirement is particularly high. Adequate choline intake is 17-18 mg/kg/day in term infants, whereas ~50-60 mg/kg/day is required to achieve fetal plasma concentrations in preterm infants. Whereas free choline is supplied via the placenta, other choline carriers characterize enteral feeding. We therefore quantified the concentrations and types of choline carriers and choline-related components in various infant formulae and fortifiers compared to breast milk, and calculated the supply at full feeds (150 mL/kg/day) using tandem mass spectrometry. Choline concentration in formula ranged from values below to far above that of breastmilk. Humana 0-VLB (2015: 60.7 mg/150 mL; 2020: 27.3 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil (2020: 34.7 mg/150 mL), Aptamil-Prematil HA (2020: 37.6 mg/150 mL) for preterm infants with weights < 1800 g, and Humana 0 (2020: 41.6 mg/150 mL) for those > 1800 g, comprised the highest values in formulae studied. Formulae mostly were rich in free choline or phosphatidylcholine rather than glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine (predominating in human milk). Most formulae (150 mL/kg/day) do not supply the amounts and physiologic components of choline required to achieve fetal plasma choline concentrations. A revision of choline content in formulae and breast milk fortifiers and a clear declaration of the choline components in formulae is required to enable informed choices.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.