ReviewProgress in retinal and eye research2021
Targeting complement components C3 and C5 for the retina: Key concepts and lingering questions.
Review in Progress in retinal and eye research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy and safety of complement inhibitors in patients with geographic atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of mass spectrometry proteomics applied to ocular fluids to assess potential biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Pooled it
- Safety and tolerability of avacincaptad pegol in combination with ranibizumab in treatment-naïve patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results from a phase 1 and phase 2a study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Deep-learning automated quantification of longitudinal OCT scans demonstrates reduced RPE loss rate, preservation of intact macular area and predictive value of isolated photoreceptor degeneration in geographic atrophy patients receiving C3 inhibition treatment.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2024Trial
- Avacincaptad pegol for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: 18-month findings from the GATHER1 trial.Eye (London, England) · 2023Trial
- Review
- Complement C5a Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Pterygium via C5aR Activation.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Complement-Modulating Mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Dry AMD: Insights From Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulations.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Exploring Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Action of Adaptive Immune Response in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Based on Transcriptomics.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Gene-Agnostic Therapeutic Strategies for Inherited Retinal Diseases: Neuroprotection and Immunomodulation.Genes · 2026Review
- Permeable nanoreactor eye drop for enzymatic cascade-mediated treatment for acute retinal injury model mimicking geographic atrophy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ciliary Defects in Inherited Retinal Diseases.Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Review
- Efficacy of Intravitreal Pegcetacoplan vs Avacincaptad Pegol in Patients With Geographic Atrophy.Journal of vitreoretinal diseases · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress and Complement Activation in Aqueous Cells and Vitreous from Patient with Vitreoretinal Diseases: Comparison Between Diabetic ERM and PDR.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Intravitreal therapy-success stories and challenges.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2025Review
- Myeloid lineage C3 induces reactive gliosis and neuronal stress during CNS inflammation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Preserving blood-retinal barrier integrity: a path to retinal ganglion cell protection in glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy.Cell regeneration (London, England) · 2025Review
- Hallmarks of aging in age-related macular degeneration and age-related neurological disorders: novel insights into common mechanisms and clinical relevance.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- Description and phenotype of a novel C5 gene mutation and a novel combination: family report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a major cause of legal blindness, and treatment for the geographic atrophy form of AMD is a significant unmet need. Dysregulation of the complement cascade is thought to be instrumental for AMD pathophysiology. In particular, C3 and C5 are pivotal components of the complement cascade and have become leading therapeutic targets for AMD. In this article, we discuss C3 and C5 in detail, including their roles in AMD, biochemical and structural aspects, locations of expression, and the functions of C3 and C5 fragments. Further, the article critically reviews developing therapeutics aimed at C3 and C5, underscoring the potential effects of broad inhibition of complement at the level of C3 versus more specific inhibition at C5. The relationships of complement biology to the inflammasome and microglia/macrophage activity are highlighted. Concepts of C3 and C5 biology will be emphasized, while we point out questions that need to be settled and directions for future investigations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.