ReviewExperimental dermatology2021
Skin pigmentation and its control: From ultraviolet radiation to stem cells.
Review in Experimental dermatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Genetic determinants of skin ageing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies and candidate genes.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2025Pooled it
- Monopolar Radiofrequency for Facial Hyperpigmentation Treatment: An Integrated Retrospective Clinical Trial and Ex Vivo Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- Janus microneedles enabling orderly vitiligo treatment through spatiotemporal sequential promoting melanogenesis to transferAsian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Pigmentary Changes Reported with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Clinical drug investigation · 2026Review
- Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Anti-Pigmentation Activity ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Photoaging: Update on Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment.Annals of dermatology · 2026Review
- [Effects of glutathione on acute cutaneous photodamage in mice and its mechanism].Zhonghua shao shang yu chuang mian xiu fu za zhi · 2026Article
- Depigmenting Effects of Vitex rotundifolia Cone Essential Oil in Melanocytes and Its Chemical Composition.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Article
- Synergistic delivery of ginseng exosomes and biomimetic melanosomes via temporally controlled hydrogel microneedles restrain the pathologic triad of vitiligo.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Enzymatic preparation of epigallocatechin gallate diglucoside and bioactivity assessment.AMB Express · 2026Article
- Genetics of Vitiligo: A Review.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of 308-nm Excimer Light with Pimecrolimus and Crisaborole in Pediatric Vitiligo: A Retrospective Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Article
- The role and signal pathways of opsin 3 in the skin: from light perception to pathophysiological mechanisms.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- recent advances in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the application of novel drug delivery systems in its treatment.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Review
- PINGing Sunshine: A Review of the Evidence for Adding Non-Filtering Photoprotective Ingredients to Sunscreens.Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine · 2025Review
- The Impact of Sleep Quality on Skin Color.Indian dermatology online journal · 2025Article
- Review
- Melanosome Transport and Processing in Skin Pigmentation: Mechanisms and Targets for Pigmentation Modulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Genetics of Skin, Hair, and Eye Color in Human Pigmentation Disorders.Annals of human genetics · 2025Review
- Regenerative Hair Pigmentation via Skin Organoids: Adaptive Patterning Mediated by Collagen VI and Semaphorin 3C.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the light of substantial discoveries in epithelial and hair pigmentation pathophysiology, this review summarizes the current understanding of skin pigmentation mechanisms. Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells, and their key regulating transcription factor is the melanocyte-specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (m-MITF). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a unique modulator of skin pigmentation influencing tanning pathways. The delayed tanning pathway occurs as UVB produces keratinocyte DNA damage, causing p53-mediated expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene that is processed to release α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). α-MSH stimulates the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes, leading to m-MITF expression and melanogenesis. POMC cleavage also releases β-endorphin, which creates a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes UV-seeking behaviours. Mutations along the tanning pathway can affect pigmentation and increase the risk of skin malignancies. MC1R variants have received considerable attention, yet the allele is highly polymorphic with varied phenotypes. Vitiligo presents with depigmented skin lesions due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. UVB phototherapy stimulates melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge to undergo differentiation and upwards migration resulting in perifollicular repigmentation of vitiliginous lesions, which is under sophisticated signalling control. Melanocyte stem cells, normally quiescent, undergo cyclic activation/differentiation and downward migration with the hair cycle, providing pigment to hair follicles. Physiological hair greying results from progressive loss of melanocyte stem cells and can be accelerated by acute stress-induced, sympathetic driven hyperproliferation of the melanocyte stem cells. Ultimately, by reviewing the pathways governing epithelial and follicular pigmentation, numerous areas of future research and potential points of intervention are highlighted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.