ReviewJournal of clinical microbiology2021
Immunologic Testing for SARS-CoV-2 Infection from the Antigen Perspective.
Review in Journal of clinical microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Short-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.The Journal of infection · 2022Pooled it
- Evolving Landscape of Emerging Virus Diagnosis: Challenges and Innovations.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Review
- Flow cytometric analysis of the SARS coronavirus 2 antibodies in human plasma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 provides low-level cross-protection against common cold coronaviruses in mouse and non-human primate animal models.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: exploring the role of nucleocapsid protein in thrombosis.PeerJ · 2025Review
- Identification of dominant peptide epitopes and antibody response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Design of a lateral flow assay targeting the conserved NIID_2019-nCoV_N gene region for molecular viral diagnosis.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2025Article
- Systematic Study of Various Functionalization Steps for Ultrasensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 with Direct Laser-Functionalized Au-LIG Electrochemical Sensors.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2024Article
- Article
- Development and Clinical Performance of InteliSwabViruses · 2023Article
- Performance evaluation of the cobas SARS-CoV-2 Duo, a novel qualitative and quantitative assay, for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Sensitivities of a Rapid Test Versus an ELISA Kit for Detecting Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in Sera from an Egyptian Cohort.Current microbiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Engineering Materials and Devices for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 and Infectious Diseases.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- An ultrasensitive ELISA to assay femtomolar level SARS-CoV-2 antigen based on specific peptide and tyramine signal amplification.Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical · 2023Article
- Article
- Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in Patients with Different COVID-19 Clinical Profiles.Viruses · 2023Article
- A urine-based ELISA with recombinant non-glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Rapid quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in clinical samples with an electrochemical sensor.Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2023Article
- Developing a multiepitope vaccine for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox virus co-infection: A reverse vaccinology analysis.International immunopharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread globally as a severe pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates antigen-specific antibody responses. Multiple serologic tests have been developed for SARS-CoV-2. However, which antigens are most suitable for serological testing remains poorly understood. Specifically, which antigens have the highest sensitivity and specificity for serological testing and which have the least cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses are currently unknown. Previous studies have shown that the S1 domain of the spike (S) protein has very low cross-reactivity between epidemic coronaviruses and common human coronaviruses, whereas the S2 domain of the S protein and the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) show low-level cross-reactivity. Therefore, S1 is considered more specific than the native homotrimer of the S protein, and the receptor-binding domain as an antigen to test patient antibodies is more sensitive than the native N protein. In addition, an increasing number of studies have used multiantigen protein arrays to screen serum from convalescent patients with COVID-19. Antigen combinations demonstrated improved performance compared to each individual antigen. For rapid antigen detection, the sensitivity of the test is higher in the first week of onset of the disease with high viral loads. Highly sensitive and specific immunological diagnostic methods for antibodies or those that directly detect viral antigens in clinical samples would be beneficial for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.