ReviewCurrent opinion in biotechnology2021
Phages in vaccine design and immunity; mechanisms and mysteries.
Review in Current opinion in biotechnology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Cloning Vectors to Phage Display: Engineering Principles and Translational Applications of Bacteriophage Display Platforms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cattle Immunization with T7 Phage-Displayed Whole-Tick Antigens ReducesPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Application of bacteriophages in the prevention and control of bacterial infectious diseases in animals.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Engineering M13 bacteriophage to display HER2 mimotopes on pVIII for vaccine development.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Large-Scale Genomic Analysis of CpG-Mediated Immunogenicity in Bacteriophages and a Novel Predictive Risk Index.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Cytokines Meet Phages: A Revolutionary Pathway to Modulating Immunity and Microbial Balance.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Review
- Assessing the transcriptional landscape of Pseudomonas phage 201ϕ2-1: Uncovering the small regulatory details of a giant phage.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Article
- A Comprehensive Review on Phage Therapy and Phage-Based Drug Development.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy and Bacteriophages Team Up: Dynamic Synergy for Medical and Environmental Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Bacteriophage DNA induces an interrupted immune response during phage therapy in a chicken model.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Antigen self-anchoring onto bacteriophage T5 capsid-like particles for vaccine design.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
- Disarm The Bacteria: What Temperate Phages Can Do.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- The power of phages: revolutionizing cancer treatment.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Bacterial outer membrane vesicles bound to bacteriophages modulate neutrophil responses to bacterial infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Enhancing the Stability of Bacteriophages Using Physical, Chemical, and Nano-Based Approaches: A Review.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- A Bacteriophage-Based, Highly Efficacious, Needle- and Adjuvant-Free, Mucosal COVID-19 Vaccine.mBio · 2022Article
- A New Vaccination Method Based on Phage NgoΦ6 and Its Phagemid Derivatives.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteriophages have attracted extensive interest in vaccine design. This includes the use of phage display technology to select antigens, the use of engineered phages displaying target antigens in vaccine formulations, and phage DNA vaccines. However, the development of these approaches is limited in part by uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms by which phages elicit immunity. This has stymied the clinical development of this technology. Here we review the immunology of phage vaccines and highlight the gaps in our knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms. First, we review the basic biology of phages and their use in vaccines. Next we discuss what is known about the mechanisms of immunity against engineered phages and phage DNA. Finally, we highlight the gaps in our understanding regarding the immunogenicity of these preparations. We argue that mechanistic insight into the immunology of phage vaccines is essential for the further development and clinical utility of these technologies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.